CONIFER. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73 
affecting the trees of the Pacific forests are scarcely known; but the different species, especially 
Juniperus Virginiana, ave the hosts of several conspicuous fungi! and of peculiar mistletoes.” 
Juniperus can be raised from seed which require two years for germination, and the varieties can 
be propagated by grafting. 
Juniperus, the classical name of the Juniper, used by the pre-Linnzan botanists, was adopted by 
Linneus. 
The Bag-worm, Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, Haworth, some- 
times strips the trees of their leaves. Dapsilia rutilana, Hiibner, a 
web-worm’ introduced from Europe, injured Junipers on Long 
Island, New York, in 1877, and has since probably extended its 
range ; and an inch-worm, Drepanodes varus, Grote & Robinson, 
also lives upon the leaves. Other species of Lepidoptera and sev- 
eral Coleoptera are reported as feeding on Junipers, but rarely in 
sufficient numbers to be injurious ; and the larva of a saw-fly has 
been found on them. 
Seale insects occasionally infest Junipers, one of them, Diaspis 
Carueli, Targioni-Tozzetti, sometimes being very abundant and 
covering the leaves and green twigs with small circular white 
scales. ‘The fruit is infested at times by small lepidopterous 
larve. 
1 The species of Juniperus in the United States are hosts of a 
number of striking fungi interesting to mycologists, and of practi- 
cal significance in horticulture and arboriculture. These fungi be- 
long to the Uredinez, or Rust family, and are popularly known as 
Cedar-apples. The plants of this order have usually three differ- 
ent stages, the teleutosporic or final stage, the rust stage, and the 
cluster-cup, the different stages not always occurring on the same 
host-plant. Gymnosporangium, the genus to which the Cedar- 
apples belong, has but two stages, the teleutosporic, which is found 
only on Cupressinez, and the cluster-cup or ecidial stage, which is 
confined to the pomaceous section of the order Rosacex. Juni- 
perus Virginiana is especially subject to the attacks of Gymnosporan- 
gia, five species being found on this host in the United States, while 
still others are suspected. The common Cedar-apple, Gymnospo- 
rangium macropus, Link, is a familiar object in the northern states in 
late spring and early summer, and still earlier in the south. It 
forms the tufts of bright yellow gelatinous club-shaped masses on 
the smaller twigs, which are often popularly believed to be the 
flowers of the tree. 
been swollen by rain, but in dry weather, when the gelatinous 
masses are contracted, they are seen to rise from kidney-shaped 
tumors composed of a spongy hypertrophied tissue of very young 
twigs. The cluster-cup stage of this fungus, Zcidium pyratum, 
Schweinitz, grows on the leaves of cultivated Apple-trees and on 
those of the wild Crab, Pyrus coronaria. 
from Maine to Mississippi, and occurs, although less frequently, as 
They are most apparent after the jelly has 
The species is common 
far west as Kansas. It is a source of danger to Apple-orchards in 
the vicinity of Juniper-trees. 
A sinilar but smaller and more compact Cedar-apple on Juniperus 
Virginiana is Gymnosporangium globosum, Farlow, whose cluster-cups 
are also found on apple-leaves and on those of Pyrus Americana 
and Cratcgus tomentosa. Gymnosporangium clavipes, Cooke & Peck, 
a smaller species, is mainly confined to the branches of Juniperus 
Virginiana and Juniperus communis, which it does not distort to any 
great extent. Its cluster-cup is the brilliant Restelia aurantiaca, 
Peck, which attacks the fruit of several species of Crategus, Ame- 
lanchier, and cultivated Quinces and Apple-trees. Gymnosporangium 
Nidus-avis, Thaxter, unlike the last species, causes the distortion of 
both branches and leaves of Juniperus Virginiana, and its presence 
can be recognized from a distance by the bird’s-nest-like distortions 
scattered among the normal branches. In Mississippi Juniperus 
Virginiana is attacked by Gymnosporangium Bermudianum, Earle, a 
species in which both the teleutosporic and cluster-cup stages occur 
on the Juniper itself. The cluster-cup stage was first observed in 
Bermuda on Juniperus Bermudiana. Juniperus communis is also 
attacked by Gymnosporangium clavariceforme, De Candolle, in which 
the separate masses of jelly somewhat resemble those of Gymnospo- 
rangium macropus, but are borne directly on the branches, which are 
not hypertrophied. Gymnosporangium speciosum, Peck, occurs on 
Juniperus monosperma; its development has not been observed. 
See Farlow, Anniversary Memoirs, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. [The Gym- 
nosporangia or Cedar-Apples of the U. S.}). 
Besides the Rust fungi, Juniperus is infested by a number of 
fungi belonging to other orders. The bark of Juniperus Virginiana 
is often whitened in patches by Corticium acerinum, var. niveum, 
Thuemen. Streptothrix atra, Berkeley & Curtis, is also common on 
the bark of this tree, as well as Cenangium deformatum, Peck. 
The leaves of Juniperus communis are frequently attacked and 
killed by Lophodermium juniperinum, De Notaris, which, living on 
their lower surface, form short black oval spots. 
2 In the southern states and territories Junipers are often killed 
by different species of Phoradendron, which grows on them with 
the greatest luxuriance, Phoradendron juniperinum, Engelmann 
(Mem. Am. Acad. iv. 58 [Gray, Pl. Fendler.] [1849]), growing 
exclusively on these plants in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern 
California. 
