76 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER. 
A shrub, with many short slender stems prostrate at the base and then turning upward and 
forming broad dense mats sometimes fifteen or twenty feet across and three or four feet high ; or 
occasionally tree-like and from twenty to thirty feet in height, with a short eccentric irregularly lobed 
trunk rarely a foot in diameter, and slender erect branches forming an irregular open head ; or at high 
elevations and in boreal regions prostrate with long decumbent stems.* The bark of the trunk is 
about one sixth of an inch thick and dark reddish brown, separating irregularly into many loose papery 
persistent scales. The branchlets during their first and second years are slender, smooth and lustrous, 
and conspicuously three-angled between the short nodes ; light yellow tinged with red during their first 
season, they gradually grow darker and more suffused with red, and in the third season their dark red- 
brown bark begins to separate into small thin scales. The buds are ovate, acute, about an eighth of an 
inch long, and loosely covered with scale-like leaves.*? The leaves are disposed in rather remote ternate 
whorls, and spread nearly at right angles to the branches; they are linear-lanceolate, acute and tipped 
with sharp slender rigid cartilaginous points, articulate and truncate at the base, thickened, rounded, 
obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on the back, snowy white and covered with stomata on 
the upper surface, from one third to one half of an inch long, about one thirty-second of an inch wide, 
and persistent for many years; they have a strong unpleasant slightly astringent flavor, and during the 
winter turn a deep rich bronze color on the lower surface. The flowers open late in the spring from 
buds formed in the autumn in the axils of leaves of the year. The staminate flower, which is about 
one sixteenth of an inch long, is composed of a slender short-stalked axis, its stipe being covered 
with minute closely mmbricated scales, and of five or six whorls, each of three stamens, with broadly 
obovate acute and short-pointed connectives slightly thickened and keeled on the back, and bearing at 
the very base three or rarely four globose anther cells. The pistillate flower consists of three slightly 
spreading ovules abruptly enlarged and open at the apex, where a drop of clear stigmatic liquid is 
secreted when the ovule is ready for fecundation ; below the ovules and alternate with them are three 
minute obtuse fleshy scales slightly united at the base and with the ovules, and subtended by five or six 
alternate whorls of ternate leaf-like scales. During the first year the fruit does not enlarge, resembling 
the flower-bud in its first winter; but, commencing to grow rapidly when the plant is in bloom in 
Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 23. — Henkel & Hochstetter, 1. cv. 318. — 
(Nelson) Senilis, J. c. 145. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. 13. — Will- 
komm, Forst. Fl. ed. 2, 267. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 
1 Juniperus communis, var. Sibirica, Rydberg, Contrib. U. S. Nat. 
Herb. iii. 533 (1896). 
Juniperus communis, y, Linneus, Spec. 1040 (1753). 
Juniperus communis, B, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 625 (1786). — Smith 
& Sowerby, English Bot. iii. t. 1086. 
Juniperus Sibirica, Burgsdorf, Anlett. ii. 124 (1787).— K. Koch, 
Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 116. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 57. 
Juniperus Canadensis, Burgsdorf, I. c. (1787). — Loudon, Arb. 
Brit. iv. 2490, f£. 2347. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 204. — Car- 
riere, Traité Conif. 20.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 11. — Gordon, 
Pinetum, 92. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 318. — 
(Nelson) Senilis, Pinaceew, 144. 
Juniperus communis, y montana, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 414 
(1788). — Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 290 (Révision des 
Juniperus) ; Hist. Vég. xi. 309. 
Juniperus nana, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 159 (1796) ; Spec. iv. 
pt. ii. 854 ; Enum. 1023. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 766. — 
Schkuhr, Handb. iii. 496, t. 338. —Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, 
Abbild. Deutsche Holz. ii. 273, t. 207. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 205. — 
Smith, English Fl. iv. 252.— Ledebour, Fl. Alt. iv. 299; FY. 
Ross. iii. 683. — Visiani, Fl. Dalm. i. 203. — Schouw, Ann. Sci. 
Nat. sér. 3, iii. 243 (Coniferes d’ Italie). — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. 
German. xi. 5, t. 535.— Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. 
Lond. v. 200. — Carriere, l. c. 18. — Knight, 1. c. 11. — Koch, Syn. 
Fi. German. ed. 3, ii. 575. — Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 30, 
t. 42, f. O-U, 43-45. — Gordon, /. c. 97. — Willkomm & Lange, 
294 (Pinetum Danicum).— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 52. 
Juniperus communis, B alpina, Wahlenberg, Fl. Lapp. 276 
(1812).— Gaudin, Fl. Helv. vi. 301.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 
l.c.; Hist. Vég. l. c. 309. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 273. — Parlatore, 
De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 480. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. 
ii. 113.—Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 429.— Macoun, Cat. 
Can. Pl. 462; iv. 361. —Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 357.— 
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 494. — Otto Kuntze, Rev. 
Gen. Pl. ii. 798. 
Juniperus communis nana, Baumgarten, Enum. Stirp. Transs. 
ii. 380 (1816). — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2489, f. 2344. — Hooker, 
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 165. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 203. — Veitch, 
Man. Conif. 275. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. v. 707. 
Juniperus communis, 8 depressa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 646 
(1814). 
Juniperus alpina, S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. ii. 226 
(1821). — Grenier & Godron, Fl. France, iii. 157. 
Juniperus communis vulgaris, Loudon, I. c. iv. 2489 (1838). 
Juniperus nana, A montana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 14 (1847). 
Juniperus nana, B alpina, Endlicher, l. c. (1847). — Regel, 
Ll. c. 13. 
Juniperus pygmea, K. Koch, Linnea, xxii. 302 (1849). 
? Henry, Nov. Act. Acad. Cas. Leop. xix. 103, t. 14. 
