SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER 2. 
78 
Italian Riviera occasionally descending to the sea-level. On the northwestern Himalayas and in Thibet 
it inhabits high dry steep slopes, often reaching elevations of twelve or fourteen thousand feet, and 
forming, far above the upper limits of the forest, great thickets a few feet high, growing gregariously 
or mixed with Juniperus recurva. 
The wood of Juniperus communis grown in the United States has not been examined scientifically. 
It is hard, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, and light brown, with pale sapwood 
and a fine surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish. In Europe it is sometimes used for 
In India it is burned, like the twigs, as 
The sweet aromatic fruit is gathered in 
vine-stakes, and is made into canes and other small articles.’ 
incense, and on the high Himalayan passes is used as fuel.” 
northern Europe in large quantities for the sake of the peculiar flavor and diuretic properties which it 
imparts to gin; and, although no longer believed to possess the peculiar virtues ascribed to it by 
herbalists two centuries ago,‘ it is still occasionally employed medicinally in the United States® and 
Europe, and in native Indian practice. 
Juniperus communis has long been cultivated in the gardens of Europe; in the seventeenth 
century it was a favorite subject for topiary decoration, and it may still be seen in English and Dutch 
gardens cut into bowls, globes, animals, and other fantastic shapes.© Of the many forms which are 
recognized in gardens, the most distinct is the Swedish Juniper,’ which, with erect branches making 
a narrow compact pyramidal head, occasionally attains a height of eighteen or twenty feet; other 
forms, distinguished by a columnar or a dwarfed and compact habit, by pendulous branches ® or by 
yellow foliage, are also frequently cultivated.® 
1 Madden, Jour. Agric. and Hort. Soc. Ind. vii. pt. ti. 153 (Hima- Juniperus communis pyramidalis, Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 
layan Conifere).— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 535. 
2 Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2489. 
* Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 411.— Balfour, Cyclopedia of 
India, ed. 3, ii. 454. 
4 Parkinson, Theatr. 1030. 
5 Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 261, f. 156. 
® Loudon, J. c. 2493. 
7 Juniperus communis Suecica, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2489, £. 
2343 (1838).— Knight, Syn. Conif. 11.—Carriére, Traité Conif. 
22. — Gordon, Pinetum, 24. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 
321.— (Nelson) Senilis, Pinaceew, 145. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 
274. — Veitch, Alan. Conif. 276. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 136. 
Juniperus Suecica, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2 (1768). — Forbes, 
Pinetum Woburn. 203. 
? Juniperus communis, p Hispanica, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 15 
(1847). 
Juniperus communis, pB fastigiata, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. 
xvi. pt. ii. 479 (in part) (1868).— Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. 
xiv. 212 (in part). 
293 (Pinetum Danicum). 
The Swedish Juniper, which is said to grow naturally in southern 
Seandinavia, and to reproduce its peculiar habit from seed, has 
long been a favorite garden plant. 
8 Juniperus communis oblonga-pendula, Carriére, Man. Pl. iv. 
310. — Beissner, J. c. 137. 
Juniperus oblonga pendula, Loudon, Arb. Brit. 2490, £. 2345 
(1838). — Carriere, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 20. 
Juniperus communis, Bp reflexa, Carriére, l. c. 22 (1855). — Par- 
latore, J. c. 
Juniperus communis, B reflera, B pendula, Carriere, 1. c. 23 
(1855). 
Juniperus oblonga, Gordon, 1. c. 98 (not Marschall von Bie- 
berstein). — Henkel & Hochstetter, 2. c. 322 (excl. syn.). — 
Hoopes, 1. c. 277. 
° For other garden forms of Juniperus communis, see Veitch, I. c. 
275. — Beissner, l. c. 136. 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
Piatt DXVI. JuNIPERUS COMMUNIS. 
. A flowering branch, natural size. 
A staminate flower, enlarged. 
. A stamen, front view, enlarged. 
. Diagram of a pistillate flower. 
. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 
OTP & De 
- A fruiting branch, natural size. 
7. A fruit divided transversely, enlarged. 
8. A seed, enlarged. 
9. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
10. A leaf, upper surface, enlarged. 
11. A bud, enlarged. 
12. A fruiting branch of the var. Sibirica, natural size. 
