CONIFER. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 
JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA. 
Juniper. 
Fruit usually oblong; seeds 1 or 2. Leaves ternate, rounded at the apex, 
conspicuously glandular. Branchlets stout. 
Juniperus Californica, Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1854, 352, f. Sabina Californica, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 52, 
21; Traité Conif. 58, ed. 2, 41. — Gordon, Pinetum, t. 71, 72 (1857). 
121. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 588 (excl. Juniperus tetragona, var. osteosperma, Torrey, Pacific 
syn. Juniperus Cerrosiana) ; Rothrock Wheeler’s Rep. Ri. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 141 (1858); Bot. Mex. Bound. 
vi. 375; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 113. — Sargent, Surv. 210 ; Ives’ Rep. 28. 
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 180 (excl. Juniperus tetragona, Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 
syn. Juniperus Cerrosiana). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 263 (not Schlechtendal) (1859). 
129. — Lemmon, ep. California State Board Forestry, Juniperus occidentalis, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 38 (in 
iii. 183, t. 28, f. 1 (Cone-Bearers of California); West- part) (1864) ; Pinetwm, ed. 2, 162 (in part). — Henkel & 
American Cone-Bearers, 79. Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 345 (in part). — Hoopes, Hver- 
Juniperus pyriformis, Lindley, Gard. Chron. 1855, 420. greens, 299 (in part). — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. 
Sabina osteosperma, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, xvi. pt. ii. 489 (in part). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 286 (in 
51 (1857). part). 
A conical tree, occasionally forty feet in height, with a straight large-lobed unsymmetrical trunk 
from one to two feet in diameter ; or more often shrubby, with numerous stout irregular often contorted 
erect branches which form a broad open head. The bark of the trunk is thin and divided into long 
loose shred-like scales which are ashy gray on the outer surface and persistent for many years, and in 
separating display the reddish brown inner bark. The branchlets are stout, light yellow-green at 
first, rather bright red-brown in their third or fourth season, and at the end of four or five years, after 
the leaves have fallen, covered with thin light gray-brown scaly bark. The leaves are usually in threes, 
closely appressed, thickened, slightly keeled and conspicuously glandular-pitted on the back, rounded at 
the apex, distinctly cartilaginously fringed on the margins, light yellow-green, and about an eighth of 
an inch long, and die and turn brown on the branch at the end of two or three years; those on 
vigorous shoots and young plants are linear-lanceolate, rigid, sharp-pointed, from one quarter to one 
third of an mch long, and whitish on the upper surface. The flowers open from January to March. 
The staminate flower is from one eighth to nearly one quarter of an inch in length, with from eighteen 
to twenty-four stamens; these are usually disposed in threes, with rhomboidal short-pointed connectives 
or anther-scales. The scales of the pistillate flower are ovate, acute, spreading, and usually six in 
number, and are obliterated or minute on the fruit. This ripens in the early autumn of the second 
season and is globose or oblong, from one third to one quarter of an inch long, reddish brown, with a 
membranaceous loose epidermis covered by a thick glaucous bloom, thin fibrous dry sweet flesh, and 
one or two large seeds. The seeds are ovate, acute, and short-pointed, irregularly lobed and angled, 
flattened by mutual pressure on the inner surface when more than one is produced, hght chestnut- 
brown and lustrous toward the apex, marked below by a large bilobed whitish hilum, and thick-walled, 
the outer layer of the wall being hard and bony and the inner thin, white, and cartilaginous; the 
cotyledons are from four to six in number. 
Juniperus Californica inhabits dry mountain-slopes and plains, and is distributed from the valley 
of the lower Sacramento River southward through the California coast ranges to Lower California ; 
spreading inland along the coast mountains to their union with the Sierra Nevada, it ranges northward 
along the western slopes of these at least as far as the neighborhood of Kernville, descending as low 
