CONIFER. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 87 
JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS. 
Juniper. 
Fruit large, subglobose or oblong, the flesh filled with large resin glands; seeds 
Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 166 
(1839). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 26. — Lindley & Gor- 
don, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 202. — Carritre, Traité 
Conif. 42 (in part) ; ed. 2, 40 (in part). — Torrey, Pacific 
RR. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 142. — Gordon, Pinetum, 117 (excl. 
syn.) ; Suppl. 38 (excl. syn.) ; ed. 2, 162 (excl. syn.). — 
2 or 3. Leaves ternate, acute or acuminate, conspicuously glandular. Branchlets stout. 
Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 213 (excl. syn. Juni- 
perus pyriformis). — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 
294 (Pinetum Danicum).— Merriam, North American 
Fauna, No. 7, 343 (Death Valley Exped. ii.). — Coville, 
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 225 (Bot. Death Valley 
EHxped.). 
Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 345 (in part). — Juniperus excelsa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 647 (not Mar- 
(Nelson) Senilis, Pinacew, 142. — Hoopes, Hvergreens, schall von Bieberstein) (1814). — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245. 
299 (excel. syn. Juniperus Californica).— Parlatore, De Juniperus Andina, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 95, t.110 (1849). — 
Carritre, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 55. 
Sabina occidentalis, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 64, 
t. 84-86 (1857). 
Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 489 (in part). — Engelmann, 
Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 113.— Veitch, Man. 
Conif. 289. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census 
U. S. ix. 181. — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 429. — Juniperus Hermanni, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 141 (excl. 
Lemmon, Rep. California State Board Forestry, iii. 183, syn. Juniperus Culifornica) (not Sprengel) (1863). 
t. 28, £. 1 (Cone-Bearers of California); West-American Juniperus occidentalis, u pleiosperma, Engelmann, 
Cone-Bearers, 80.— Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 128.— Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 590 (1877). 
A tree, occasionally sixty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk two or three feet in diameter, but 
more often not exceeding twenty feet in height, with a short trunk sometimes ten feet in diameter, and 
enormous branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a broad low head ; or usually smaller, 
and frequently, when growing on dry rocky slopes and toward the northern limits of its range, shrubby 
The bark of the trunk is about half an inch in 
thickness, bright cinnamon-red, and divided by broad shallow fissures into wide flat irregularly connected 
The branchlets are stout, and after the 
leaves fall are covered with thin bright red-brown bark which breaks imto loose papery scales. The 
with many short erect or semiprostrate stems. 
ridges separating on the surface into thin lustrous scales. 
leaves are disposed in threes and are closely appressed, ovate, acute or acuminate, denticulately frmged 
on the margins, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back, gray-green, and about an eighth 
of an inch in length. The staminate flowers are stout, obtuse, and about an eighth of an inch long, 
with from twelve to eighteen broadly ovate rounded acute or apiculate connectives or anther-scales thin 
and scarious or slightly ciliate on the margins. The scales of the staminate flower are ovate, acute, 
spreading, and mostly obliterated from the fruit; this is subglobose or oblong, and from a quarter to 
a third of an inch in length, with a thick firm blue-black epidermis coated with a glaucous bloom, 
thin dry flesh filled with large resin glands, and two or three seeds. The seeds are ovate, acute, 
rounded and deeply grooved or pitted on the back, flattened on the inner surface, hght brown and 
lustrous above, marked below by the large pale two-lobed hilums, and about an eighth of an inch long, 
with a thick bony outer coat, a thin firm light brown inner coat, and an embryo with two cotyledons. 
Juniperus occidentalis grows on the mountain-slopes and high prairies of western Idaho and 
eastern Washington and Oregon and along the summits and upper slopes of the Cascade and Sierra 
Nevada Mountains southward to the San Bernardino Mountains in California. Standing, most often 
singly, on bald rocky mountain domes, and rarely descending below an altitude of six thousand feet, 
it attains its greatest trunk-diameter on the wind-swept peaks of the California Sierras, where it often 
