CONIFER. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
93 
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA. 
Red Cedar. 
Savin. 
FRUvIT small, subglobose; seeds 1 to 4. Leaves opposite, acute or rarely obtuse, 
glandular. Branchlets slender. 
Juniperus Virginiana, Linneus, Spec. 1039 (1753). — 
Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 346. — Wangenheim, Be- 
schreib. Nordam. Holz. 51; Nordam. Holz. 9, t. 2, £.5.— 
Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 151. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 
70. — Moench, Béume Weiss. 55. — Evelyn, Silva, ed. 
Hunter, ii. 11. — Burgsdorf, Anleit. pt. ii. 122. — Wal- 
ter, Fl. Car. 248. — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati 
Uniti, ii. 266. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 157; Spec. 
iv. pt. ii. 853; Hnum. 1023. — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 627. — 
Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 767. — Michaux, FU. Bor.- 
Am. ii. 245. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 632. — Desfontaines, Hist. 
Arb. ii. 559. — Schliimbach, Addild. Nadelbéiume, 98, t. 
15.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 445. — 
Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 42, t. 5. — Bigelow, FI. 
Boston. 242; Med. Bot. iii. 49, t. 45. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 
245. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 717. — Jaume St. Hilaire, Traité 
des Arbres Forestiers, t. 36. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 908. — 
Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. 37, t. 6, f. 2. — Rafi- 
nesque, Med. Fl. ii. 18. — Audubon, Birds, t. 43. — 
Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 199.— Torrey, Fl. N. VY. ii. 
235; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 142. — Emerson, Trees 
Mass. 102; ed. 2, i. 118, t. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27 
(in part). — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 
202. — Knight Syn. Conif. 12.— Darlington, FU. Cestr. 
ed. 3, 295. — Carritre, Traité Conif. 43.— Gordon, 
Pinetum, 112. — Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 413. — Chapman, 
Fil. 435.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, 
iii. 71.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 334. — 
(Nelson) Senilis, Pinacece, 153. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 
291. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 488. — 
Noérdlinger, Forstbot. 471, f£.— Engelmann, Trans. St. 
Louis Acad. iii. 591 ; Rothrock Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 263. — 
K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 138. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 
335. — Porter & Coulter, FZ. Colorado; Hayden’s Surv. 
Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 282. — 
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 87.— Regel, Russ. 
Dendr. ed. 2, 15.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 
184. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. 
ix. 182. — Willkomm, Forst. Fl. ed. 2, 257. — Watson & 
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 494. — Beissner, Handb. 
Nadelh. 122, £. 30. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 
215.— Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 298 (Pinetum 
Danicum). 
Juniperus Caroliniana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768).— 
Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 183.— Du Roi, Harbk. Baume. 
“i. 346. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 71. — Burgsdorf, Anleit. 
pt. ii. 123. 
Juniperus arborescens, Moench, Meth. 699 (1794). 
Juniperus fragrans, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796). — 
Knight, Syn. Conif. 13. 
Juniperus Virginiana, 8 Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl. 
Baumz. 157 (1796). — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 205. — Lou- 
don, Arb. Brit. iv. 2495. 
Juniperus Barbadensis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 246 
(not Linneus) (1803). — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. ii. 647. — 
Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245; Sylva, iii. 96. 
Juniperus Virginiana Hermanni, Persoon, Syn. ii. 632 
(1807). 
Juniperus Virginiana, a vulgaris, Hayne, Dendr. FI. 
205 (1822). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 28. 
Juniperus Hermanni, Sprengel, Syst. iii. 908 (1826). 
Juniperus Bermudiana, Rafinesque, Med. Fl. ii. 13 (in 
part) (not Linnzus) (1830). 
Juniperus fotida, y Virginiana, Spach, Ann. Sct. Nat. 
sér. 2, xvi. 298 (Révision des Juniperus) (1841) ; Hist. 
Vég. xi. 318. 
Juniperus Virginiana, B australis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 
28 (1847). 
Sabina Virginiana, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 61, 
t. 83, 84 (1857). 
Juniperus Virginiana, var. Bermudiana, Vasey, Rep. U. 
S. Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. S.) (1876). 
Juniperus Virginiana, var. montana, Vasey, Rep. U. S. 
Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. S.) (1876). 
Juniperus occidentalis, Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 461 
(1886) (not Hooker) (1884). 
A tree, occasionally one hundred feet tall, with a long straight trunk three or four feet in diameter, 
often lobed and eccentric, and frequently buttressed toward the base, but usually much smaller, and 
averaging forty or fifty feet in height, and with short slender branches, horizontal on the lower part of 
the tree, erect above, and forming a narrow compact pyramidal head of tufted foliage, which in old age 
usually becomes broad and round-topped or irregular; or with long slightly pendulous branches forming 
a broad open graceful crown ; or occasionally reduced to a low shrub with decumbent stems. The bark 
