CONIFER. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
99 
pressus torulosa,' and the Cupressus sempervirens ? of southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia. 
Cupressus pisifera, the Sawara of the J apanese, is planted in 
forests, and in temple grounds with Cupressus obtusa, from which it 
can be distinguished by its smaller fruit and by its narrower and 
more ragged crown of looser and more upright branches. The 
wood is redder, with a coarse grain, and is less valuable than that 
of the Hi-no-ki, although in Japan the two species are planted in 
about equal numbers (Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 73). In the eastern 
United States, where it is rather hardier than Cupressus obtusa, it 
grows more rapidly, and promises to attain a larger size, but is 
less desirable as an ornamental tree. 
The most remarkable of the numerous abnormal forms of this 
tree cultivated in gardens is one on which the leaves are all short 
and acicular and disposed in decussate pairs, and are pale blue- 
green and spreading or slightly bent toward the branchlets. It 
is a low broad bushy tree or dense shrub with large divided and 
forked branches, and is : — 
Cupressus pisifera, var. a squarrosa, Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. 
xiv. 207 (1892). 
fvetinospora squarrosa, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fi. Jap. ii. 40, t. 
123 (1842 ?). — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 371. 
Chamecyparis squarrosa, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 65 (1847). — 
Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 466.— Franchet & 
Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 471. 
Cupressus squarrosa, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 171 (1873). 
Thuya pisifera, var. squarrosa, Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 
490 (Conifers of Japan) (1881). 
Chamecyparis pisifera squarrosa, Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 85 
(1891). 
Almost as remarkable is a form with long slender pendulous 
thread-like branchlets clothed with subulate acute dark green 
This is : — 
Cupressus pisifera, var. ¢ filifera, Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. l. c. 
(1892). 
Retinospora filifera, Gordon, 1. c. 365 (1875). — Syme, Gard. 
Chron. n. ser. v. 237, f. 43.— Veitch, Man. Conif. 243. 
Thuya pisifera, var. filifera, Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. l. c. 491 
(1881). 
Chamecyparis pisifera filifera, Beissner, J. c. 90, f. 23 (1891). 
Other forms of Cupressus pisifera are distinguished by their 
leaves distributed in remote alternate pairs. 
yellow or silvery leaves, by their dwarf and compact habit, and by 
their more slender or stouter branches ; but the parentage of all 
these abnormal forms of the Japanese Retinosporas is sooner or 
later declared by the appearance of occasional branches covered 
with normal leaves. (For varieties of Cupressus pisifera, see Car- 
riére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 137. — Gordon, 1. c. 362. — Veitch, J. ¢. 
242. — Beissner, /. c. 87.) 
1D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 55 (1825). — Lambert, Pinus, ii. 
18.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2478, £. 2329-2331. — Forbes, Pine- 
tum Woburn. 189.— Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 329. — Flore des Serres, 
vii. 192, f. 236. — Endlicher, J. c. 57. — Griffith, Icon. Pl. Asiat. iv. 
t. 372. —Carriére, Traité Conif. 117.— Gordon, Pinetum, 69. — 
Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 233.— Parlatore, 1. v. 469. — 
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 645. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soe. 
xvii. 11 (The Cedar of Goa). 
Cupressus Tournefortii, Tenore, Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, 
xxv. pt. ii. 194, t. 1, 2 (exel. syn.) (1855). 
Cupressus torulosa inhabits dry slopes on the western Himalayas 
from Nepal to Chamba at elevations of from 5,500 to 8,000 feet, 
and is widely distributed, although less common than many of the 
other Himalayan Conifers. It is usually seventy or eighty feet 
tall, with a trunk two or three feet in diameter, but occasionally 
attains a height of one hundred and fifty feet, with a trunk five 
feet through ; its whorls of horizontal branches, pendulous at the 
extremities, form a broad pyramidal crown, and its thin bark 
separates into long narrow scales which are often spirally twisted 
around the stem. The wood is soft and straight-grained but not 
strong ; it is nearly white tinged with red or yellow, and is occa- 
sionally used in building ; matches are made from it, and it is 
burned as incense. (See Madden, Proc. Agric. and Hort. Soc. India, 
iv. pt. ii, 129 [Himalayan Conifere].— Brandis, Forest Fil. Brit. 
Ind. 533. — Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 410. — Balfour, Cyclope- 
dia of India, ed. 3, i. 857.) 
2 Linnzus, Spec. 1002 (1753).— Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 1.— 
Seopoli, Fl. Carn. ed.-2, ii. 249. —Geertner, Fruct. ii. 64, t. 91. — 
Schkuhr, Handb. iii. 286, t. 310.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 2, t. 1.— 
Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt.i.511.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Ill. iti. 369, t. 
787. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 155, t. 155. — Richard, Comm. Bot. 
Conif. t. 9. —Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, iii. 241 (Coniferes 
d’Italie). — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German. xi. 5, t. 534.— Will- 
komm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 20.— Parlatore, Fi. Ital. 
iv. 71; De Candolle Prodr. 1. c. 468. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. v. 
705. — Hooker f. 1. c. 645. — Masters, J. c. 
Cupressus sempervirens, a, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 241 (1786). 
Cupressus lugubris, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796). 
Cupressus pyramidalis, Targioni-Tozzetti, Obs. Bot. iii. — v. 73 
(1810). — Savi, Tratt. Alb. Tosc. ed. 2, ii. 64. 
Cupressus fastigiata, De Candolle, Lamarck Fil. Franc. ed. 3, 
v. 536 (1815). 
Cupressus conoidea, Spadoni, Xilolog. i. 189 (1826). — Carriére, 
Ll. c. 128. 
Cupressus sempervirens stricta, Loudon, J. c. iv. 2465, f. 2320, 
2326, t. (1838). 
Cupressus Whitleyana, Carriére, 1. c. 128 (1855). 
Cupressus umbilicata, Parlatore, Ind. Sem. Hort. Firenze, 22 
(1860) ; Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, xiii. 378. 
Cupressus sempervirens, « Indica, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. 
I. c. 469 (1868). 
Cupressus sempervirens, y umbilicata, Parlatore, 1. v. (1868). 
Cupressus sempervirens, a fastigiata, Beissner, J. c. 102 (1891). 
Cupressus sempervirens, which often grows to a great age, is a tree 
with erect branches pressed against the trunk and forming a nar- 
row compact cylindrical head, and occasionally attains the height 
of one hundred feet, but is rarely more than seventy or eighty feet 
tall. 
early times, and was carried from Greece to Italy by the Romans. 
Unknown in a wild state, it has been cultivated since very 
The wood is fragrant, light red-brown in color, and close-grained 
and very durable, although not hard or strong ; mummy cases are 
believed to have been made of it in Egypt, and it is said to have 
furnished the material from which the doors of the temple of Diana 
at Ephesus and the statue of Jupiter in the Capitol at Rome were 
made. The Romans used posts and stakes of Cupressus wood for 
many rural purposes, and in the countries of southeastern Europe it 
is now made into chests to protect woolens from the attacks of insects. 
Among the ancients the evergreen foliage of the Cypress and 
the fact that it would immediately rise again to an upright position 
if bent down by the wind or by manual force, ranked it among the 
symbols of immortality ; it was also regarded as an emblem of 
mortality and bereavement because, when it was cut down, its 
stump threw out no fresh shoots. In medieval Persia the pyram- 
idal outline of the Cypress was thought to resemble a flame, and 
