100 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
CONIFER. 
Cupressus sempervirens and Cupressus funebris* have long been used to decorate gardens and burial- 
places, and Cupressus Lusitanica® and several of the American species are often planted in parks. 
In North America Cupressus is not seriously injured by insect enemies * or subject to destructive 
fungal diseases.* 
The 
people of the Levant still plant Cypress-trees in their burial- 
For 
centuries it has been cultivated in gardens in Afghanistan, Cash- 
The Romans 
used it for garden decoration, cutting it into fantastic shapes ; it is 
it was planted near the temples of the fire-worshipers. 
grounds, and the Turks place one at either end of the grave. 
mere, and the other states of northwestern India. 
still one of the chief ornaments of the formal gardens of southern 
Europe, and its dark slender forms, rising singly or in groups or 
rows from the court-yards of houses, give charm and individuality 
to the towns of southern and southeastern Europe and southwestern 
Asia. (See Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2464.— Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. 
Ind. 533. — Garden and Forest, ii. 458.) 
Botanists are now nearly unanimous in believing the pyramidal 
Cypress to be a form of the Cypress of the mountainous districts 
of the eastern Mediterranean Basin where it is distributed from 
This is : — 
Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis, Loudon, 1. c. 2465 (1838). — 
Gordon, Pinetum, 68. — Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 72; De Candolle 
Prodr. xvi. pt. 1i. 468. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 102. 
Cupressus sempervirens, B, Linnzeus, Spec. 1003 (1753). — La- 
marek, Dict. ii. 242. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 372. — Spach, Hist. 
Vég. xi. 326. 
Cupressus horizontalis, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2 (1768). — 
Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 6. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 511.— 
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 56. — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German. xi. 
5, t. 534. — Carriére, Traité Conif. 115. — Willkomm & Lange, 
Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 21. 
Cupressus elongata, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796). 
Cupressus patula, Spadoni, Xilolog. i. 193 (1826). 
Cupressus horizontalis, B pendula, Endlicher, J. v. (1847). 
Cupressus globulifera, Parlatore, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, xiii. 377 
(1860). 
Cupressus spherocarpa, Parlatore, 1. c. 378 (1860). 
the island of Crete to northern Persia. 
Cupressus sempervirens, y spherocarpa, Parlatore, De Candolle 
Prodr. l. v. 468 (1868). 
Cupressus sempervirens, 6 globulifera, Parlatore, 1. c. 469 (1868). 
1 «These monuments of departed greatness are surrounded by 
trees, such as different species of Cypress, whose deep and melan- 
choly hue seems to have pointed them everywhere out, as well 
suited for scenes of woe: the Church-yard Yew did not, however, 
grow there, nor was it observed in any part of China: but a 
species of weeping thuya, or lignum vite, with long and pendent 
branches, unknown in Europe, overhung many of the graves.” 
(Staunton, Embassy to China, ii. 445, t. 41 [1797].) This is the 
first reference in western literature to this tree, which is : — 
Cupressus funebris, Endlicher, 1. c. 58 (1847). — Carriére, 1. c. 
120. — Planchon, Fi. des Serres, vi. 90, t. — Gard. Chron. 1850, 
439, £. 31-33.— Gordon, J. v. 60.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. 
Nadelh. 236. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.exvi. pt. ii. 471. — 
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 646. 
Cupressus pendula, Lambert, Pinus, ii. 115, t. 50 (not Thunberg 
nor L’Heritier [1824]). 
Cupressus funebris is a tree, sometimes eighty feet in height, 
with a tall erect cylindrical trunk, and long slender pendulous 
branches which form a broad symmetrical head. Light glaucous 
acicular leaves clothe the young plants, and are followed by scale- 
like closely appressed yellow-green leaves ; erect in habit while 
young, its horizontal branches lengthen and become pendulous 
with age and develop long slender branchlets which descend to- 
ward the ground. Cupressus funebris appears to be indigenous in 
western China, and is frequently used in the Celestial Empire to 
mark graves and to decorate gardenssand temple grounds ; and in 
Nepaul, Sikkim, and Bhotan, at elevations of from four to eight 
thousand feet, it is planted near Buddhist temples. (See Hooker, f. 
Himalayan Journals, i. 314, f.) It was introduced into England 
in 1849 by Robert Fortune, who found it in a garden not far from 
Shanghai, and afterward also farther west, “frequently in clumps 
on the sides of the hills, where it has a most striking and beau- 
tiful effect on the Chinese landscape” (Fortune, Gard. Chron. 
1850, 228). In the United States and in Europe Cupressus fune- 
bris has not yet developed the beauty which it displays in its native 
country (Veitch, Man. Conif. 229). 
2 Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 3 (1768).— Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. 
i. 511. — Loudon, J. c. 2477, f. 2328.— Tenore, Mem. Soc. Ital. 
Sct. Modena, xxv. pt. ii. 189. — Carriére, J. c. 119. — Gordon, 1. c. 
63. 
Cupressus pendula, L’Héritier, Stirp. Nov. 15, t. 8 (not Thun- 
berg nor Lamarck) (1784). 
Cupressus glauca, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 243 (1786). — Brotero, Fi. 
Lusitan. i. 216. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 328. — Endlicher, lc. 
58.— Henkel & Hochstetter, /. c. 235. -— Parlatore, J. c. 470. 
Cupressus Lusitanica, usually called the Cedar of Goa, is a tree 
sixty or seventy feet tall, with spreading flexuose branches and 
pendulous branchlets clothed with glaucous leaves; it has been 
cultivated in Portugal, where it has been naturalized for more 
than two hundred and fifty years, and near Coimbra in the forest 
of Bussaco it now forms an ancient grove in which more than 
five thousand trees are said to grow (Gomes, Jorn. Hort. Prat. 
ii. 64. — Magalhiaes, Relatorio da Administragdo geral das Mattas 
do Reino, 1872-73, 141. — Daveau, Rev. Hort. 1884, 184); in 
England it has been cultivated at least since 1680. Cupressus 
Lusitanica is not believed by Portuguese botanists to be a native 
of that country ; and it is probably, as its popular name indicates, 
a native of India, where it is still cultivated in the gardens of the 
western Ghats. Several Indian botanists believe it to be a form 
of Cupressus sempervirens or of Cupressus torulosa (see Dalzell & 
Gibson, Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 83.— Hooker f. 1. c. 645), but Brandis 
(i. c. 534) considers that the specific distinctions between these 
species invite further investigation, and Masters, who has written 
the history of the Cedar of Goa, reaches the same conclusion. (See 
Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xvii. 1 [The Cedar of Goa].) 
3 Few species of insects are known to affect Cupressus in North 
America, although these trees and their insect enemies have re- 
A bark beetle, Phlaosi- 
nus cristatus, Leconte, is said to be destructive to hedges and wind- 
ceived little attention from entomologists. 
breaks of Cupressus macrocarpa in Contra Costa County, California 
(Insect Life, v. 262); and a twig borer, Argyresthia cupressella, 
Walsingham, is described as causing the twigs of cultivated Cy- 
press-trees in the neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, to turn 
brown and die in the spring (Insect Life, iii. 116). 
like swellings are found on the tips of twigs of Cupressus macro- 
Small cone- 
carpa at Monterey, California, but the insects which cause them 
have not been studied. 
4 Little is known of the species of fungi which grow on the 
