124 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
CONIFER. 
Four species of Thuya are known ; one species, the type of the genus, inhabits northeastern North 
America, and one inhabits northwestern North America; another grows on the mountains of central 
Japan,' and the fourth in China.’ 
was widely distributed through both hemispheres.’ 
The type is an ancient one, and during the tertiary period Thuya 
Thuya produces valuable wood used in construction and for purposes where durability in contact 
with the soil is demanded. The eastern American species, which contains a volatile oil and thujin, a 
crystalline principle, possesses stimulating properties, and is occasionally used medicinally in the United 
States. The bark of Thuya is rich in tannin.’ 
Its species are valuable ornamental trees, and with 
their varieties are cultivated in the parks and gardens of all temperate countries. 
In North America Thuya is not seriously injured by insects ° or fungal diseases.° 
the membranaceous testa produced into broad lateral wings ; hilum 
minute. 
Biota. Fruit erect, its scales thick, conspicuously umbonate, 
the lowest four usually fertile, and bearing from two to four seeds 
each ; seeds thickened, rounded or obscurely angled on the back, 
wingless, the thick seed-coat dark red-purple ; hilum large, oblong, 
conspicuous. 
1 Thuya Standishii, Carriere, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 108 (1867). — 
Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xiii. 589, f. 102. — Beissner, Handb. 
Nadelh. 49. 
Thujopsis ? Standishii, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 100 (1865). — 
Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 289. 
Thuya Japonica, Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 
x. 490 (Mél. Biol. vi. 26) (1866).— Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. 
xviii. 486 (Conifers of Japan). 
Thuya gigantea, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. 11. 457 
(in part) (not Nuttall) (1868).— K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 176. 
Thuya gigantea var. Japonica, Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. 
Jap. i. 469 (1875). 
A rare inhabitant of the forests of central Hondo, the Japanese 
Arbor-vite is a pyramidal tree occasionally thirty feet high, grow- 
ing by the borders of streams and lakes at elevations of from four 
to five thousand feet above the level of the sea. It was introduced 
into European and American gardens about thirty years ago, and 
in the United States has proved hardy in eastern Massachusetts, 
where a plant about eighteen feet high in Mr. Hunnewell’s Pine- 
tum at Wellesley has ripened its fruit. 
2 Thuya orientalis, Linnzeus, Spec. 1002 (1753). — Thunberg, F?. 
Jap. 266. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 509. — Richard, Comm. Bot. 
Conif. 40, t. 7, f£. 2.— Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 31, t. 118. — 
Masters, J. c. 488. 
Thuya acuta, Moench, Meth. 692 (1794). 
Thuya decora, Salisbury, Prodr. 398 (1796). 
Cupressus Thuya, Targioni-Tozzetti, Obs. Bot. iii-v. 72 (1808- 
10). 
Platycladus stricta, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 335 (1842). 
Biota orientalis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 47 (1847). — Carriére, 
Traité Conif. 92.— Gordon, Pinetum, 32. — Henkel & Hochstet- 
ter, Syn. Nadelh. 270. — Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 167 
(Prol. Fl. Jap.).— Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 
461.— K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 181. — Franchet & Savatier, 
Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 470. 
This slender dense bushy bright green tree inhabits the mountain 
forests of central and northern China, and in cultivation rarely at- 
tains a height of twenty feet. Although it has generally been con- 
sidered indigenous in Japan, it was probably introduced there by 
Buddhist priests. 
in Japan, where numerous seminal varieties have been propagated 
For centuries it has been a favorite garden plant 
and whence it was carried to Europe about the middle of the eigh- 
teenth century ; it is now one of the most generally cultivated 
coniferous plants in the gardens of all temperate countries. Curi- 
ous among the innumerable varieties which have been raised from 
its seeds, and which are mostly distinguished by their more open 
or their dwarfer habit and by the color of their foliage, which in 
some forms is bright golden, is the tree with long slender flexible 
pensile branchlets found by Thunberg in the temple gardens of 
Japan, and for many years believed to be a distinct species. It is: 
Thuya orientalis, var. B pendula, Masters, 1. c. (1881). 
Cupressus pendula, Thunberg, J. c. 265 (1784). 
Cupressus patula, Persoon, Syn. ii. 580 (1807). 
Thuya pendula, Lambert, Pinus, ed. 2, ii. 115, t. (1828). — 
Siebold & Zuccarini, J. c. 30, t. 117. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 
197, t. 63. — Miquel, J. c. 
Thuya filiformis, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxviii. t. 20 (1842). 
Biota pendula, Endlicher, J. c. 49.— Lindley & Gordon, Jour. 
Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 205. — Carriére, l. c. 97. —Gordon, J. c. 35. 
Biota orientalis filiformis, Henkel & MHochstetter, 2. c. 272 
(1865). 
Biota orientalis, 8 pendula, Parlatore, J. c. 462 (1868). 
For other varieties of Thuya orientalis, see Veitch, Man. Conif. 
252. — Beissner, J. c. 56. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 252. 
3 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 98.— Zittel, Handb. 
Paleontolog. ii. 320. 
4 Trimble, Garden and Forest, ix. 162. 
° Few species of insects are known to live upon Thuya in North 
America, and only two or three cause serious injury to healthy 
trees. No borers in the living wood are recorded, although the 
larve of several species of beetle live under the bark of dead trees. 
Among foliage destroyers, the Bag-worm, Thyridopteryx ephemere- 
formis, Haworth, sometimes injures trees planted in the regions 
south of Massachusetts ; but it does not seem to thrive in the north 
or to affect trees growing naturally. Among other Lepidoptera 
found feeding on Thuya, but not known to be specially injurious to 
it, are Attacus Promethea, Harris, Eupithecia miserulata, Grote, Ema- 
turga Faxonii, Minot, and Bucculatriz thuiella, Packard. Lophyrus 
Abietis, Harris, and probably the larve of other sawflies, are also 
occasionally found on this tree. A mite, Phytoptus Thuye, Garman, 
has been described as occurring on Thuya occidentalis, cultivated in 
Illinois. : 
® Little is known of the fungi which attack the western Thuya 
ggantea in its native forests, but planted trees in Germany have 
suffered from Pestalozzia funerea, Desmaziéres, which causes the 
death of the young branches (see Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xix. 554) ; and 
Thuya occidentalis does not suffer seriously from fungal disease. 
The species which have been noted on this tree are mostly small 
forms of Discomycetes, Hysteriacex, and various Fungi Imperfecti 
