126 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFER. 
THUYA OCCIDENTALIS. 
White Cedar. Arbor-Vite. 
Fruit small, with usually 4 fertile scales. Wood light yellow-brown. 
Thuya occidentalis, Linneus, Spec. 1002 (excl. hab. Sibe- Syn. Conif. 51. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. 
ria) (1753). — Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 1. — Muenchhausen, 
Hausv. v. 333. — Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holz. 
49; Nordam. Holz. 7, t. 2, £. 3. — Marshall, Arbust. 
Am. 152. — Moench, Biuwme Weiss. 135. — Evelyn, 
Silva, ed. Hunter, ii. 35.— Walter, Fl. Car. 238. — 
Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 386. — Gert- 
ner, Fruct. ii. 62, t. 91. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 
383; Spec. iv. pt. i. 508; Hnum. 990. — Borkhausen, 
Handb. Forstbot. i. 456. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 12, 
t. 4. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 209. — Schkuhr, 
Handb. iii. 287, t. 309. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. vii. 639; 
Ill. iii. 369, t. 787. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 580. — Des- 
fontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 575. — Du Mont de Courset, 
Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 452.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 
98. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 437. — Michaux f. 
Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 29, t. 3.— Pursh, FZ. Am. Sept. ii. 
646. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 224. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 177. — 
Elliott, Sk. i. 641. — Jaume St. Hilaire, Traité des Arbres 
Forestiers, t. 87. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 150, t. 150. — 
Lond. v. 206.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 16. — Darlington, 
Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 294. — Carritre, Rev. Hort. 1854, 225; 
Traite Conif. 103. — Gordon, Pinetum, 323. — Chap- 
man, Fl. 436.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadeth. 
278. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 68. — R. Brown 
Campst. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 363. — Hoopes, 
Evergreens, 317.— Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. 
pt. ii. 458. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 76, f. 2.— K. Koch, 
Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 173. — Nérdlinger, Forstbot. 465, f£. — 
Veitch, Man. Conif. 261. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. ed. 2, 
18.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. 
ix. 176. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 67, f. 8. — 
Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 370. — Willkomm, Forst. Fl. 
ed. 2, 249.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 
494. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 196, t. 6, f., t. 8, £. — Beiss- 
ner, Handb. Nadelh. 32, f. 3-5. — Masters, Jour. RK. 
Hort. Soc. xiv. 252.— Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 
272 (Pinetum Danicum).— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 
48. 
Sprengel, Syst. iii. 888. — Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. 43, 
t. 7, f. 1. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 193. — Hooker, 
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 165. — Bigelow, FU. Boston. ed. 3, 388. — 
Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 339. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 234. — 
Emerson, Trees Mass. 96; ed. 2, i. 112. — Endlicher, 
Thuya odorata, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 152 (1785). 
Thuya obtusa, Mench, Meth. 691 (1794). 
Thuya procera, Salisbury, Prodr. 398 (1796). 
Cupressus Arbor-vitz, Targioni-Tozzetti, Obs. Bot. iii.—v. 
71 (1808-10). 
A tree, fifty or sixty feet in height, with a short often lobed and buttressed trunk occasionally six, 
although usually not more than two or three feet in diameter, often dividing into two or three stout 
upright secondary stems, and with short horizontal branches which soon turn upward and form a narrow 
rather compact head, and deciduous pendulous lateral branchlets three or four inches in length. The 
bark of the trunk is from one quarter to one third of an inch in thickness and is light red-brown often 
tinged with orange-color and broken by shallow fissures into narrow flat connected ridges which separate 
into elongated fibrous more or less persistent scales. The branchlets when they first appear are lhght 
yellow-green and paler on the lower surface than on the upper, changing with the death of the leaves 
during their second season to light cinnamon-red and growing darker during the following year; grad- 
ually becoming terete and abruptly enlarged at the base, they are finally covered with smooth lustrous 
dark orange-brown bark and marked by conspicuous elevated scars left by the falling of the lateral 
branchlets. On leading shoots the leaves are often nearly a quarter of an inch in length, long-pointed, 
and usually conspicuously glandular ; on lateral branchlets they are much flattened, rounded and apiculate 
at the apex, eglandular or obscurely glandular-pitted, and about an eighth of an inch long. The flowers 
open in April and May and are liver-colored. The fruit ripens and discharges its seeds in the early 
autumn, but remains on the branch until after the appearance of the new growth the following spring ; 
it varies from one third to nearly one half of an inch in length; the scales of the two central ranks are 
