CONIFERA, 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 129 
THUYA GIGANTEA. 
Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar. 
Fruit large, with usually 6 fertile scales. Wood dull red-brown. 
Thuya gigantea, Nuttall, Jour. Phil. Acad. vii. pt. i. 52 Man. Conif. 256. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. ed. 2, i. 20. — 
(1834) ; Sylva, iii. 102, t. 91.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. 
ii. 165. — Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 342. — Endlicher, Syn. 
Conif. 52.— Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. 
v. 206.— Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. pt. ii. 56, f. 
22. —Carritre, Traité Conif. 105 (in part). — Gordon, 
Pinetum, 321 (in part); Suppl. 102. — Torrey, Bot. 
Mex. Bound. Surv. 211.— Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rep. 
xii. pt. li. 69; Am. Nat. iii. 413.— Lyall, Jour. Linn. 
Soc. vii. 1383, 144. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 
280 (in part). — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 67.— Parla- 
tore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 457.— R. Brown 
Campst. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix. 367. — Hoopes, 
Evergreens, 315. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 176. — En- 
gelmann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 115. — Veitch, 
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 
177. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 68. — Mayr, 
Wald. Nordam. 319, f. 13, t. 6, £., t. 8, £. — Lemmon, Rep. 
California State Board Forestry, iii. 171, t. 20, 21 (Cone- 
Bearers of California). — Beissner, Handb. Nadeth. 46, 
f. 6, 7. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 251. — Han- 
sen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 270 (Pinetum Danicum). — 
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 48. 
Thuya Menziesii, Carriére, Traité Conif. 106 (1855). — 
Gordon, Pinetum, 323. — (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacee, 
67. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 281. 
Thuya plicata, Sudworth, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1892, 328 
(probably not D. Don) (1893).— Lemmon, West-Ameri- 
can Cone-Bearers, 72. 
A tree, with short horizontal branches, usually pendulous at the extremities, which often clothe the 
stem nearly to the ground until it is sixty or seventy feet tall, frequently attaining a height of two 
hundred feet, with a broad buttressed base sometimes fifteen feet in diameter and tapering gradually 
until the trunk is not more than five or six feet thick at twelve or fifteen feet above the ground ;* in old 
age the trunk often separates toward the summit into two or three erect divisions, and forms a dense 
narrow pyramidal spire, or, when the tree has been crowded in the forest, a short narrow crown. The 
bark of the trunk is bright cinnamon-red, from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, and 
irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into broad ridges rounded on the back and broken on 
the surface into long narrow rather loose plate-like fibrous scales. The branchlets are slender, much 
compressed, often slightly zigzag, light bright yellow-green during their first year, then cinnamon- 
brown, and when the leaves have fallen, usually in their third year, lustrous and dark reddish brown 
often tinged with purple; the lateral branchlets, which turn yellow and fall generally at the end of 
their second season, are often five or six inches in length, light yellow-green and lustrous on the upper 
surface,and somewhat paler on the lower. On leading shoots the leaves are ovate, long-pointed, often 
conspicuously glandular on the back, and frequently a quarter of an inch in length, and on the lateral 
branchlets they are ovate, apiculate, eglandular or obscurely glandular-pitted, and usually not more 
than an eighth of an inch long. The flowers are about one twelfth of an inch in length and dark 
brown. The fruit, which ripens early in the autumn, is clustered near the ends of the branches and 
much reflexed, and is half an inch long, with thin leathery scales conspicuously marked near the apex 
by the free border of the flower-scales, which are furnished with short stout erect or recurved dark 
mucros. The scales of two or of three of the central ranks bear seeds ; there are often three in number 
under each scale, and rather shorter than their wings, which are nearly one quarter of an inch in 
length, and usually slightly unequal. 
Thuya gigantea is widely and generally distributed, but nowhere forms pure forests, growing 
singly or in small groves generally on low moist bottom-lands or near the banks of mountain streams, 
1 Garden and Forest, iv. 109, f. 23. 
