CONIFER. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
151 
TAXODIUM DISTICHUM. 
Bald Cypress. 
Anther-cells usually 4 or 5. 
Taxodium distichum, Richard, Ann. Mus. xvi. 298 (1810) ; 
Comm. Bot. Conif. 52, t. 10.— Lambert, Pinus, ed. 2, ii. 
t. — Brongniart, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 1, xxx. 182. — Lou- 
don, Arb. Brit. iv. 2481, f. 2335. — Forbes, Pinetum 
Woburn. 177, t. 60.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68 (in 
part). — Scheele, Roemer Texas, 447.— Lindley & Gor- 
don, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 207. — Knight, Syn. Co- 
nif. 20. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 294. — Carriere, 
Traité Conif. 144.— Morren, Belg. Hort. vi. 305, t. 74. — 
Gordon, Pinetum, 305. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 
Surv. 210.— Chapman, Fl. 435.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. 
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 29. — Henkel & Hochstetter, 
Syn. Nadelh. 259.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 364, f. 58. — 
Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 440. — Lawson, 
Pinetum Brit. ii. 205, f. 1-9. —K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. 
ii. 195. — Nérdlinger, Forstbot. 460, f. — Regel, Russ. 
Dendr. ed. 2, i. 28, £. 8. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 
10th Census U. S. ix. 183. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 
ed. 2, 74, f. 12. —Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 374. — 
Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 120, £. 3. — Watson & Coulter, 
Gray Man. ed. 6, 493. — Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 
vii. 324, f. 49; Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 248. — Hansen, 
Jour. Rk. Hort. Soc. xiv. 303 (Pinetum Danicum). — 
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 43, f. 13, A-J. 
Cupressus disticha, Linnzus, Spec. 1003 (1753). — Miller, 
Dict. ed. 8, No. 4. — Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 149. — Du 
Deciduous Cypress. 
Leaves dimorphic. 
Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 201. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 
39.— Lamarck, Dict. ii. 244. — Wangenheim, Nordam. 
Holz. 43. — Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 143. — Walter, 
Fl. Car. 238. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 372. — Castiglioni, 
Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 228. — Willdenow, Berl. 
Baumz. 91; Spec. iv. pt. i. 512; Hnum. 991. — Borkhau- 
sen, Forstbot. i. 460.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 8.— Mi- 
chaux, 27. Bor.-Am. ii. 208. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii. 
286. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 567. — Cubitres, Mém. 
Cyp. Louisiane, £. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 
2, vi. 449. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 438. — Michaux, 
f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 4, t. 1. — Pursh, FZ. Am. Sept. ii. 
645. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 224. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 178. — 
Jaume St. Hilaire, Traité des Arbres Forestiers, t. 24, 
25. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 642. — De Chambray, Traité Arbr. 
fés. Conif. 349. 
Cupressus disticha, var. patens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 
372 (1789). 
Schubertia disticha, Mirbel, Mém. Mus. xiii. 75 (1825). — 
Rafinesque, F7. Ludovic. 151. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 890. — 
Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 349. 
Taxodium distichum, A patens, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 
68 (1847). — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2481. 
Cuprespinnata disticha, (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacew, 61 
(1866). 
A tree, with a tall lobed gradually tapering trunk, rarely twelve and generally four or five feet in 
diameter above the abruptly enlarged strongly buttressed and usually hollow base, and occasionally one 
hundred and fifty feet im height. In its youth the short and comparatively slender distichously forked 
branches are erect and spreading, forming a narrow strict formal pyramid; later they are often 
elongated and slightly pendulous, and as the tree reaches maturity the lower branches disappear, 
while those above spread out into a broad low rounded crown often a hundred feet across, or, when the 
trees grow close together, into crowns remarkably narrow in proportion to the height of the tall stems. 
From the stout wide-spreading horizontal roots woody cylindrical projections, rounded at the apex and 
often a foot in diameter, rise in great numbers, frequently to a height of several feet above the surface 
of the ground.’ The bark of the trunk is from one to two inches in thickness, ight cinnamon-red, and 
1 These developments, called “Cypress knees,” on the roots of 
Taxodium distichum, are produced when the tree grows in wet 
places, and vary in size and number with the depth of the water or 
to high dry ground often develop small knees, barely rising above 
the surface of the soil. 
W. P. Wilson (Proc. Phil. Acad. 1889, 67) has noted that the 
knees develop by two distinct methods: by the first the roots of 
seedling plants in wet places, when only six or eight inches below 
the amount of moisture in the soil. From fifty to one hundred 
knees spring from the roots of one tree, rising sometimes to a 
height of ten or twelve feet in order to emerge from the water ; 
or, when the tree grows on land covered with shallower water or 
on ground merely saturated with moisture throughout the year, the 
knees remain low, but increase in number ; while trees transplanted 
the surface, grow upward at angles varying from twenty to thirty- 
five degrees, and then on reaching the surface turn and crow down- 
ward again at about the same angle; if the soil is very wet or 
submerged during a portion of the year, some of the roots repeat 
