CONIFERS. 



SILVA OF NORTE AMERICA. 



12 Pinus insularis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157 (1847). — Carriere, 

 Traite Conif. 353. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 

 390. — Vidal y Soler, Sin. PL Len. Filipinas, t. 98 f . C. 



Pinus Tceda, Blanco, FT. Filip. 767 (not Linnseus) (1837). 



Pinus Timoriensis, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2269 (1838). 

 Pinus insularis, which is still imperfectly known, is described as 

 a large tree, with slender dark green leaves in clusters of three 

 and from six to nine inches in length, and small ovate obtuse 

 cones. 



18 Pinus Merkusii, De Vriese, PI. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2 (1845).— 

 Endlicher, I. c. 176. — Miquel, PI. Jungh. i. 1 ; FT. Ind. Bat. ii. 1069 ; 

 Suppl. 252, 588. — Carriere, I. c. 380. — Gordon, Pinetum, 169. — 

 De Boer, Conif. Archip. Ind. 5. — Parlatore, I. v. 389. — Kurz, For- 

 est FT. Brit. Burm. ii. 499. — Vidal y Soler, I. c. t. 98, f. B. 



Pinus sylvestris, Willdenow, Loureiro .FT. Cochin, ed. 2, ii. 709 

 (not Linnseus) (1793). 



Pinus Finlaysoniana, Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210 (1837). 



Pinus Latteri, Mason, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. i. 74 (1849). 

 Pinus Merkusii, which is widely distributed through the Malay 

 Peninsula and over the high mountains of the Indian Archipelago, 

 is closely related to and perhaps only a geographical form of the 

 south China and Malayan Pinus Massoniana, Lambert. It is a 

 tree which is often more than a hundred feet in height, with very 

 slender leaves in clusters of two and from eight to ten inches in 

 length, and small ovate acute cones. 



14 Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 186. 



Great confusion still exists with regard to the specific characters 

 and distribution of the Pines of Mexico, which can claim perhaps 

 twelve or fourteen species. This confusion has been greatly 

 increased by seed collectors, who have distributed seeds of these 

 trees under different names, Roezl alone having described, and 

 distributed the seeds of, ninety-two species of Mexican Pines (see 

 Catalogue des Graines de Conif eres Mexicains en vente chez B. Roezl 

 et Cie, Horticultures a Napoles pres Mexico pour automne 1857 et 

 printemps 1858, 10) ; and it will probably never be cleared up until 

 these trees have been specially studied in their native forests by 

 competent observers. 



15 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 505. — Kurz, I. c. 498. — Hooker f . 

 FT. Brit. Ind. v. 651. 



16 Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 503 (Conifers of Japan). — 

 Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. ser. 2, v. 285 (PL. David, i.). 



17 Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Miinch. iv. pt. iii. 235. — 

 A. Murray, The Firs and Pines of Japan, 5. — Franchet & Savatier, 

 Enum. PL Jap. i. 464. — Masters, I. c. — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 

 67. 



18 Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. vii. 72, 83, t. 7, f. 25- 

 33. — Saporta, Origine Paleontologique des Arbres, 60. — Zittel, 

 Handb. Palaiontolog. ii. 337. 



19 Linnaeus, Spec. 1000 (excl. var.) (1753). — Lambert, Pinus, i. 

 1, t. 1. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 494. — De Candolle, Lamarck 

 FT. Franc, ed. 3, iii. 271. — Nouveau Duhamel, v. 230, t. 66. — Bro- 

 tero, Hist. Nat. Pinheiros, Larices e Abetos, 6. — Link, Abhand. Akad. 

 Berl. 1827, 165 ; Linncea, xv. 484. — Ledebour, FT. ATt. iv. 199 ; 

 FT. Ross. iii. 674. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 7. — Antoine, Conif 

 9, t. 4, f. 3.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 376. — Visiani, FL Dahn. i. 

 199. — Schouw, Ann. Set. Nat. sdr. 3, iii. 231 (Conif eres d'ltalie). — 

 Endlicher, I. c. 171. — Hartig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutschl. 53, t. 4. — 

 Reichenbach, Icon. FL German, xi. 1, t. 521. — Carriere, L c. 372. — 

 Turczaninow, FT. Baicalensi-Dahurica, ii. 142. — Koch, Syn. FL 

 German, ed. 3, ii. 576. — Maximowicz, Mem. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. 

 St. Petersbourg, ix. 263 (Prim. FL A mur. ). — Willkomm & Lange, 

 Prodr. FT. Hispan. i. 17. — Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineur, iii. pt. ii. 



497. — Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 46 ; De Candolle Prodr. 1. c. 385.— 

 K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 273. — Masters, I. c. 505. — Laguna, 

 Coniferas y Amentdceas Espanolas, 28 ; Fl. Forestal Espanola, i. 

 60, t. 6. — Boissier, Fl. Orient, v. 694. — Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. 

 i. 375, f . 58-64. — Hempel & Wilhelm, Baume und Strducher, i. 120, 

 f. 58-67. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 225, f. 57, 58. 



Pinus rubra, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 3 (1768). — Nouveau Du- 

 hamel, v. 233, t. 67, f. 1. — De Candolle, I. c. '272. 



Pinus Tartarica, Miller, I. c. No. 4 (1768). 



Pinus Mugo, Turra, Fl. Ital. Prodr. 67 (1780). 



Pinus montana, G. F. Hoffmann, Deutschl. Fl. 340 (not Miller) 

 (1791). 



Pinus binato-folio, Gilibert, Exercit. Phyt. ii. 414 (1792). 



Pinus borealis, Salisbury, Prodr. 398 (1796). 



Pinus resinosa, Savi, FT. Pis. ii. 354 (not Aiton) (1798). 



Pinus humilis, Link, Abhand. Akad. Berl. 1827, 170 (1830). 



Pinus Armena, K. Koch, Linnoza, xxii. 297 (1849). 



Pinus Pontica, K. Koch. I. c. (1849). 



Pinus Frieseana, Wichura, Flora, xlii. 409 (1859). 

 Pinus sylvestris, which is usually known to English-speaking peo- 

 ple as the Scotch Fir, the Scotch Pine, or the Riga Pine, attains 

 under favorable conditions a height of one hundred and fifty feet, 

 and produces a trunk three or four feet in diameter, free of 

 branches for seventy or eighty feet, and clothed, except at the base, 

 with red scaly bark, a comparatively narrow open round-topped 

 head of small branches, stout rigid bluish or grayish green leaves 

 in clusters of two and from an inch and a half to two inches and a 

 half in length, and broadly ovate cones from an inch to an inch and 

 a quarter long. It is widely distributed through Europe and Rus- 

 sian Asia from the Arctic Circle to the Sierra Nevada of southern 

 Spain, central Italy, Dalmatia, Asia Minor, and northern Persia, 

 and from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the valley of the 

 Amoor River, forming in northern Europe and Siberia vast forests 

 on sandy plains and at the south covering mountain slopes, which 

 it sometimes ascends to elevations of from six to seven thousand 

 feet above the level of the sea. Pinus sylvestris is the principal 

 timber Pine of Europe and Asiatic Russia, and its wood is of great 

 commercial importance in all the countries of northern Europe, 

 whence it is exported in large quantities. When produced under 

 the best conditions the wood is light, elastic, strong, and durable ; 

 it is used for the masts of vessels, in all sorts of construction, for 

 railway-ties, and for fuel. It differs, however, greatly in quality, 

 and European silviculturists have carefully studied these variations 

 of the wood of Pinus sylvestris in connection with variations in its 

 external characters, and have distinguished a number of geographi- 

 cal forms which are rather nominal than real, it being now well 

 understood that the character of the wood depends on the climate 

 and soil of the region where it is produced rather than on any 

 modifications in habit, foliage, or organs of reproduction. (See, for 

 the races of Pinus sylvestris, Don, Mem. Caledonian Hort. Soc. i. 

 121. — Delamarre, Traite Pratique de la Culture des Pins, 23. — 

 Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2455. — L. Vilmorin, Mem. Soc. d'Agric. 

 1863, pt. i. 297 [Expose Historique et Descriptif de VEcole Forestiere 

 des Barres'].) 



In some of the countries of northern Europe resin is obtained 

 from Pinus sylvestris, and tar is also manufactured from its wood 

 in great quantities (Clarke, Travels, ed. 4, xi. 299). The inner 

 bark and the branchlets are used to feed cattle and hogs ; in time 

 of famine the bark serves in the extreme north as human food 

 (Clarke, I. c. 528) ; and the outer bark is employed to thatch 

 houses. 



Pinus sylvestris was introduced into the United States early in 



