SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



conifers. 



the present century and has been largely planted in the northern 

 states as an ornamental tree, and to make wind-breaks on the 

 prairies and plains of the central west. Extremely hardy in the 

 northern states and in Canada, it grows here while young with 

 great rapidity, but soon succumbs to disease and the attacks of 

 boring insects, and rarely lives more than thirty or forty years. 

 In Europe Pinus sylvestris has been much used in the decoration of 

 parks, and a number of abnormal forms are distinguished and 

 propagated by gardeners. (See Hoopes, Evergreens, 104. — Beiss- 

 ner, Handb. Nadelh. 225.) 



20 Poiret, Lamarck Diet. v. 339 (1804). — De Candolle, Lamarck 

 Fl. Franc, ed. 3, iii. 274. — Link, Abhand. Akad. Berl. 1827, 174 ; 

 Linncea, xv. 494. — Lambert, Pinus, ed. 2, i. t. 4. — Forbes, Pinetum 

 Woburn. 23. — Antoine, Conif. 3, 1. 1, f. 1-3. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 

 384 (excl. var. 7). — Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, iii. 234 (Coni- 

 feres d'ltalie). — Endlicher, Syti. Conif. 178. — Reichenbach, Icon. 

 FL German, xi. 2, t. 524. — Carriere, Traite Conif. 384. — Gordon, 

 Pinetum, 168. — Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 18. — 

 Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 52 ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 386. — 

 Laguna, Coniferas y Amentdceas Espanolas, 28 ; Fl. Forestal Espa- 

 nola, i. 77, t. 8. — Beissner, I. c. 238. 



Pinus sylvestris, e maritima, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 366 (1789). 

 Pinus maritima, Aiton, I. c. ed. 2, v. 315 (not Miller) (1813). 

 Pinus Pinaster, Moris, Stirp. Sard. Elench. i. 42 (not Aiton) 



(1827). 



Pinus Laricio is a tree frequently one hundred feet in height, 

 with slender dark green often twisted leaves in clusters of two 

 and from four to six inches in length, and ovate cones solitary or 

 in pairs and three or four inches long. It covers with its several 

 varieties many of the mountain ranges of southern Europe and of 

 Asia Minor, forming vast but usually isolated forests from the 

 Pyrenees to the Taurus. The wood of this tree is hard and strong, 

 and is valued for all sorts of construction, although the abundance 

 of its resinous secretions detracts from its value for masts for 

 vessels and material for the interior finish of buildings. Pinus 

 Laricio first attracted the attention of European silviculturists in 

 the middle of the last century, and has been largely cultivated in 

 France, southern Germany, and Great Britain (Loudon, Arb. Brit. 

 iv. 2200). The attempts which have been made to introduce it 

 into the United States have usually been unsuccessful, and in New 

 England its southern forms are not generally hardy. 



The Austrian Pine, a, native of the mountains of southern Aus- 

 tria, Servia, and Roumania, is now usually considered a geographi- 

 cal variety of Pinus Laricio. It is : — 



Pinus Laricio, £ Austriaca, Endlicher, I. c. 179 (1847). — Hempel 

 & Wilhelm, Bdume und Straucher, i. 148, f. 74-78, t. 6. 



Pinus Pinaster, Besser, Fl. Gal. ii. 294 (not Aiton) (1809). 

 Pinus sylvestris, Baumgarten, Enum. Stirp. Transs. ii. 304 (not 



Linnseus) (1816). 

 Pinus Austriaca, Hoss, Anleit. 6 (1830) ; Monog. der Schwarz- 



fdhre. — De Chambray, Traite Arb. Res. Conif. 327, t. 3, f. 13- 



15, t. 5, f . 6, 7. — Hartig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutschl. 74, t. 6. — 



Carriere, I. c. 387. — Gordon, I. c. 162. 

 Pinus nigra, Link, Abhand. Akad. Berl. 1827, 173 (not Aiton) 



(1830). 

 Pinus nigricans, Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628 (1831). — Tenore, Fl. 



Nap. v. 139. — Link, Linnoza, xv. 491. 

 Pinus maritima, Koch, Syn. Fl. German. 667 (not Miller) 



(1837). 

 Pinus Laricio, Koch, I. c. ed. 2, 767 (not Poiret) (1843). 

 Pinus Laricio, p nigricans, Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 53 (1867) ; 



De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 387. 



The Austrian Pine, which differs from the typical Pinus Laricio 

 of Corsica in its shorter, stouter, and more rigid leaves, grows on 

 plains and low mountain slopes, flourishing on limestone soil, rapidly 

 attaining a large size, and producing strong coarse-grained resinous 

 wood useful for all sorts of rough construction. The rapid growth 

 of this tree, its shapely habit while young, and the denseness of its 

 dark foliage, have made it a favorite for the decoration of parks, 

 and it has been largely planted in northern and central Europe and 

 in the northern United States. In America, however, it suffers 

 early from boring insects which destroy its vigor, and, although it 

 is very hardy and grows rapidly while young, is not long-lived or 

 satisfactory either as a timber or an ornamental tree. 



Other geographical forms of the Corsican Pine are Pinus Laricio 

 Calabrica (Beissner, I. c. 241 [1891]) of the mountains of southern 

 Italy ; Pinus Laricio Pallasiana (Endlicher, I. c. 179 [1847]) of the 

 Crimea ; and Pinus Laricio Cebennensis (Grenier & Godron, Fl. 

 Franc, iii. 153 [1855]) of the Ce'vennes. 



21 De Chambray, I. c. 342 (1845). 



Pinus excelsa, Lambert, Pinus, ed. 2, i. t. (not Lamarck) 

 (1828). — Wallich, PI. As. Rar. iii. 1, t. 201. — Forbes, I. c. 

 75, t. 29. — Antoine, I. c. 42, 1, t. 20, f . 1. — Link, I. c. 515. — 

 Madden, Jour. Agric. and Hort. Soc. Ind. iv. pt. iv. 226 ; vii. pt. ii. 

 80 (Himalayan Conif eroz). — Endlicher, I. c. 145. — Carriere, I.e. 

 300. — Gordon, I. c. 222. — Hoopes, I. c. 128, f. 17. — Parlatore, 

 De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 404. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 

 321. — Aitchison, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 97 (Fl. Kuram Valley'). — 

 Boissier, Fl. Orient, v. 698. —Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 651.— 

 Beissner, I. c. 283, f. 69. 



Pi?ius Griffithii, McClellan, Griffith Notul. iv. 17 (1854) ; Icon. 

 PI. Asiat. t. 365. 



Pinus Nepalensis, the Himalayan representative of that group 

 of five-leaved Pines of which the North American Pinus Strobus 

 and Pinus Lambertiana are the best known members, inhabits 

 mountain slopes from Afghanistan to Bhotan between elevations 

 of five thousand and twelve thousand five hundred feet above the 

 sea, where it is scattered through the forests of deciduous-leaved 

 trees, or is mixed with other conifers, or sometimes covers con- 

 siderable areas nearly to the exclusion of all other trees. It attains, 

 under favorable conditions, a height of one hundred and fifty feet, 

 with a tall straight trunk often three or four feet in diameter and 

 covered with dark-colored fissured bark, slender drooping blue- 

 green leaves from five to eight inches in length, and elongated 

 cones, and produces light brown straight-grained resinous wood 

 which is easy to work. This is much used in northern India in 

 building and for shingles, water-channels, troughs, and agricultural 

 implements ; it is largely made into charcoal for iron smelting, and 

 is employed for torches, smtll pieces used for lighting houses being 

 sold in considerable quantities. The bark is employed for the 

 roofs of huts ; the leaves and young branches supply domestic ani- 

 mals with litter, and the leaves are mixed with mortar (Brandis, 

 Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 510. — Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 398. — 

 Balfour, Encyclopaedia of India, ed. 3, iii. 220). 



Pinus Nepalensis, or the Bhotan Pine as it is often called, is a 

 favorite ornament of the parks and gardens of temperate Europe, 

 and of the eastern United States, where it is hardy as far north as 

 Massachusetts. Growing in cultivation with great rapidity while 

 young, it often suffers in the United States from the splitting of 

 the bark, and is usually short-lived in the north ; in the middle 

 states it promises to be longer lived, and handsome specimens 

 already from forty to fifty feet in height exist in the neighborhood 

 of New York and Philadelphia. 



22 Parlatore, I. c. 388 (1868). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. 



