8 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



CONIFERS. 



cut is then abandoned and a fresh one is made on the opposite side 

 of the tree, and when this has reached a height of ten or twelve 

 feet a third and then a fourth cut is made. In this way the tree 

 continues productive for many years, the old cuts healing over by 

 the formation of fresh bark so that eventually second cuts may be 

 made in their places. By this system only one wound is worked 

 at the same time, but when trees are to be cut down a number of 

 wounds are made and worked simultaneously in order to obtain 

 the largest yield of resin in a short time. Broad fire-paths are 

 kept clean through these pineries to check the spread of fires, 

 which always menace forests worked for the production of resin. 



The resin collected from the trees in the small pots is poured 

 into large pits lined with planks, and later is boiled in copper 

 kettles to free it from impurities ; it is then filtered into barrels 

 through a layer of straw spread horizontally and four or five inches 

 thick, and in this state is the brown resin of commerce. During 

 the summer months the resin is sometimes purified by exposing it 

 to the sun in large square wooden boxes. The heat liquefies the 

 resin, which drips through a number of small holes made in the 

 bottom of the boxes into vessels placed beneath them, leaving 

 the impurities behind. Yellow resin is made by gradually adding 

 cold water to the boiling product ; this causes it to melt and over- 

 flow into a trough fixed on one side of the kettle, through which it 

 passes into a second vessel, and is then ladled back into the first, 

 the operation being repeated several times until the whole mass 

 becomes clear and yellow, when it is filtered through straw into 

 moulds made in the sand, in which it hardens and is then ready for 

 market. 



When the trees can be no longer profitably worked for resin 

 they are felled, and the stems and roots are cut up into small pieces 

 which are piled on gratings, covered with a, thick coat of wet clay, 

 and burnt. In this manner tar, which, however, is considered 

 inferior to that produced from Pinus sylvestris, is obtained. Oil of 

 turpentine is made by distilling the resin of the Maritime Pine ; 

 and lamp-black by burning the straw used in filtering the resin in 

 specially made furnaces, which deposit the soot of the smoke on the 

 walls of small chambers through which it is passed. From the 

 buds and young shoots syrups are distilled which are used locally 

 in the treatment of catarrhal and pulmonary complaints. (For de- 

 scriptions of the pineries of Pinus Pinaster in southwestern France 

 and their products, see Bremontier, Memoire sur les Dunes et par- 

 ticulierement sur celles qui se trouvent entre Bayonne et la Pointe de 

 Grave. — Chaptal, Instructions sur la maniere d'extraire le Goudron et 

 autres principes resineaux du Pin. — Ve'tillart, Observations Pratiques 

 sur la Culture du Pin Maritime. — A. Richard, Hist. Mat. Med. iii. 

 168. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2213. — Lorentz, Annales Forestieres, i. 

 57, 119 [Notice sur le Pin Maritime']. — De Chambray, Traite Arb. 

 Res. Conif. 201. — Trochu, Creation de la Ferme et des Bois de Brule 

 sur un Terrain des Landes. — Brongniart, Annales Forestieres, xi. 169, 

 197, 225, 253, 281 [A/em. sur les Plantations Forestieres dans la 

 Sologne~\. — Boitel, Du Pin Maritime. — Demaude, Du Gemmage 

 des Pins et de la Plantation des Bois en Sologne. — Hippolite Dive, 

 Monograpliie Industrielle et Commerciale du Pin Maritime. — Sama- 

 nos, Traite de la Culture du Pin Maritime. — Dessort, Du Pin 

 Maritime et de ses Produits. — Paul Dive, Essai sur un Arbre du 

 Genre Pinus qui croit spontanement dans les Landes de Gascogne. — 

 Reveil, Annales Forestieres, xxiv. 143, 176 [Du Pin Maritime']. — 

 Guibourt, Hist. Drog. ed. 7, ii. 259. — J. C. Brown, Pine Plantations 

 on the Sand-Wastes of France. — Mathieu, Fl. Forestiere, ed. 3, 

 532. — Spons, Encyclopaedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, 

 and Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1688. — Poore, Essays on Rural 

 Hygiene, 298 [The Story of Bremontier].) 



Pinus Pinaster was introduced into Great Britain in the middle 

 of the sixteenth century, and is frequently cultivated in central and 

 western Europe as an ornament of parks and gardens. It is not 

 hardy in the northern United States, but may be expected to 

 thrive on the coast of the south Atlantic states. In California it 

 grows very rapidly on the sand dunes of the coast in the neighbor- 

 hood of San Francisco, and promises to attain a large size there, as 

 well as in the gardens in the central and southern parts of the 

 state. It has become common in southern Africa, and appears to 

 be better suited for cultivation and more generally naturalized in 

 many warm countries than any other Pine-tree (F. Mueller, Select 

 Plants Readily Eligible for Industrial Culture or Naturalization in 

 Victoria, 174. — Nicholson, Garden and Forest, ii. 208). 



26 Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 8 (1768) ; Diet. Icon. 139, t. 208.— 

 Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant. ii. 352. — Lambert, Pinus, i. 15, t. 11. — 

 Nouveau Duhamel, v. 238, t. 70. — Link, Abhand. Akad. Berl. 1827, 

 177 ; Linnoza, xv. 496. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 25, t. 8. — 

 Antoine, Conif. 2, t. i. f . 3. — Visiani, Fl. Dalm. i. 200. — Schouw, 

 Ann. Sci. Nat. se"r. 3, iii. 237 (Conif eres d'ltalie). — Endlicher, Syn. 

 Conif. 180. — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German, xi. 2, t. 576. — Car- 

 riere, Traite Conif. 393. — Gordon, Pinetum, 165. — Willkomm & 

 Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 19. — Christ, Flora, xlvi. 369. — Par- 

 latore, Fl. Ital. iv. 40 ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 383. — K. 

 Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 294. — Laguna, Conif eras y Amentdceas Es- 

 panolas, 29 ; Fl. Forestal Espanola, 83, t. 9. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. 

 v. 695. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 221. — Hempel & Wilhelm, 

 Baume und Straucher, i. 162, f . 85-89, t. 7. 



Pinus sylvestris, Gouan, Fl. Monsp. 418 (not Linnaeus) (1765). 

 Pinus maritima, Miller, I. c. No. 7 (1768). — Lambert, I. c. ii. 



30, 1. 10. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 497. — Brotero, Fl. Lusitan. 



ii. 284. — Sibthorp & Smith, Prodr. Fl. Grose, ii. 47 ; Fl. Graze, x. 



39, t. 949. — Link, Abhand. Akad. Berl. 1827, 177 ; Linncea, xv. 



495. — Endlicher, I. c. 181. — Reichenbach, I. c. 3, t. 527. — Lede- 



bour, Fl. Ross. iii. 676. 



Pinus Alepensis, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. v. 338 (1804). — De 



Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Franc, ed. 3, iii. 274. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. 



Pinheiros, Larices e Abetos, 12. 



Pinus Pityusa, Steven, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. 49 (1838). — 



Strangways, Gard. Mag. n. ser. vi. 638. — Carriere, I. c. 395. 



Pinus Halepensis is a tree usually from twenty to thirty feet tall, 

 with a trunk generally not more than eighteen inches in diameter, 

 and covered while young with smooth lustrous silver gray bark 

 which in old age becomes thick, deeply furrowed, and dark red- 

 brown, and a round-topped irregular crown of thin light-colored 

 foliage. The leaves are borne in two-leaved clusters, and are slen- 

 der, from two to four inches in length, gray or blue-green, and about 

 as long as the distinctly stalked recurved reddish brown cones, 

 which are lateral and solitary or borne in few-coned clusters. 



Pinus Halepensis inhabits the Mediterranean basin, where it is 

 distributed from Portugal and northern Africa to Syria, Arabia, 

 and Asia Minor. On the Taurus it ascends to elevations of 3,500 

 feet above the sea-level, and here, in Greece on the rocky hills 

 of Attica, on the shores of the Gulf of Lepanto and on the islands 

 of the Archipelago, and on the mountains of southern Spain, it 

 forms great open forests. It is the most widely and generally 

 distributed Pine-tree of northern Africa, sometimes attaining in 

 Tunis a height of nearly a hundred feet. (See Legrand, Nouv. 

 Ann. de la Marine et des Colonies, 1854 [Mem. sur les Richesses 

 Forestieres de VAlgerie, 60]. — Livet, La Tunisie ses Eaux et ses 

 Forets, 25. — Lamey, Forets de la Tunisie, 152.) Hardy and robust, 

 it flourishes in all soils and exposures, and on dry exposed sun- 

 baked slopes, where other trees cannot maintain a foothold. The 



