conifers. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 29 



ranges, and extends southward along the high coast mountains to Sonoma County ; * it occurs on the 

 highest peaks of the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County, where it is found at elevations of 

 about six thousand feet and is not common, and on those of the San Rafael 2 and San Emigdio 

 Mountains ; 3 it ranges along the whole length of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains at 

 elevations of from three to seven thousand feet, in the middle of the range occasionally crossing to its 

 eastern slopes ; it is common on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains at elevations of from 

 four to seven thousand feet 4 and on the Cuyamaca Mountains in southern California, and finds its most 

 southerly home on the high isolated Mt. San Pedro Martir near the middle of the peninsula of Lower 

 California. 5 Frequently attaining a large size in southwestern Oregon, the Sugar Pine is small and 

 comparatively rare east of the summits of the Cascade Mountains and on the California coast ranges, its 

 true home being the western slopes of the California Sierras, where it rises over every ridge and from 

 the sides of every canon, and, mingled in small isolated groves with the Yellow Pine, the Douglas Fir, 

 the Incense Cedar, and the Sequoia, and occasionally forming a considerable part of the forest, it attains 

 its greatest size and beauty at an elevation of about seven thousand feet above the sea. 



The wood of Pinus Lambertiana is light, soft, straight-grained, satiny, very fragrant, and easy to 

 work ; it is light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains thin resinous conspicuous 

 bands of small summer cells, numerous large prominent resin passages, and many obscure medullary 

 rays. G The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3684, a cubic foot weighing 22.96 pounds. 

 It is largely manufactured into lumber and used for the interior finish of buildings, for shingles, 7 doors, 

 sashes, and woodenware, and in cooperage. A sweet sugar-like matter, to which this tree owes its 

 popular name, exudes from the heartwood wounded by fire or the axe in the shape of irregular crisp 

 kernels crowded together into masses of considerable size ; possessing powerful diuretic properties, 

 it can be safely eaten only in small quantities. 8 



Pinus Lambertiana was introduced into English gardens in 1831 by its discoverer, 9 David 



1 In 1895 Mr. J. R. Watson found at an elevation of about two A log of Sugar Pine measured by Gen. Henry L. Abbot in the 

 thousand feet a small grove of Pinus Lambertiana near tbe bead of summer of 1896, on the head-waters of Rogue River, Oregon, 

 the canon of Austin Creek on Table Mountain, a part of the Shone showed the following rate of growth : — 



Ranch and about ten miles northwest of Cazadero in Sonoma When 6 inches in diameter it was 40 years old. 

 County, California. (See Erythea, iv. 152.) 12 inches in diameter, 67 years old. 



2 Pinus Lambertiana was collected in 1894 on the San Rafael 18 inches in diameter, 87 years old. 

 Mountains, east of Santa Barbara, by Dr. F. Franceschi, at an ele- 24 inches in diameter, 111 years old. 

 vation of five thousand feet above the sea 30 inches in diameter, 191 years old. 



3 Teste Miss Alice Eastwood. 36 inches in diameter, 270 years old. 



4 S. B. Parish, Zoe, iv. 350. 42 inches in diameter, 346 years old. 

 6 Pinus Lambertiana was discovered May 13, 1893, by Mr. T. S. 48 inches in diameter, 423 years old. 



Brandegee, on Mt. San Pedro Martir. (See Zoe, iv. 201, 210)- 52-L inches in diameter, 473 years old. 



6 The Sugar Pine under the most favorable conditions increases ^jo inches in diameter, 593 years old. 



slowly in trunk diameter. The specimen from the northern Sierras The sapwood of this tree was four inches thick, with one hundred 



in the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American and twenty layers of annual growth. 



Museum of Natural History, New York, is sixty-four inches in 7 Many of the best Sugar Pines of the Sierra forests have been 



diameter inside the bark, and three hundred and fifty-eight years killed by wandering shingle-makers, who fell trees on the public 



old, with three and five eighths inches and ninety annual layers of domain, and, after using only the butt cuts, which often split more 



sapwood. A tree seven feet in diameter grown on the California easily than the others, abandon the rest of the stem to rot on the 



Sierras was found by John Muir to be three hundred and thirty ground. 



years old ; one hundred and fifty feet above the ground the trunk 8 For the chemical composition of the sugar of Pinus Lambert i- 

 of this tree had a diameter of three feet three inches. Other trees ana, see Berthelot, Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. se'r. 2, xlvi. 76 (Sur 

 examined by Muir were five feet three inches in diameter, and four quelques Matieres Sucr'es, ii. Pinite). — Johnson, Am. Jour. Sci. se'r. 

 hundred and forty years old ; three feet nine and one half inches in 2. xxii. 6 (Examination of two Sugars \Panoche and Pine Sugar'] 

 diameter, and four hundred and twenty-four years old ; four feet from California). — Maquenne, Compt. Rend. cix. 812 (Sur un Nov- 

 eight inches in diameter, and three hundred and fifty years old ; veau Sucre a Noyau Aromatique); Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. se'r. 6, 

 three feet six inches in diameter, and two hundred and twenty-five xxii. 264 (Recherches sur la Pinite et Vlnosite Dextrogyre). — 

 years old ; and three feet four inches in diameter, and two hundred Combes, Compt. Rend. ex. 46 (Sur la Matezite et le Mate'zodambose). 

 and fourteen years old ; the trunk of this tree was two feet three 9 Lewis and Clark, in the journal of their journey across the con- 

 inches in diameter when it was one hundred years of age. tinent during the years 1804-1806 (ed. Coues, iii. 832), mention u 



