CONIFERiE. 



8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



43 



PINUS QUADRIFOLIA. 



Nut Pine. Pinon. 



Leaves in 3 to 5-leayed clusters, stout, glaucous, l\ to If inches in length. Cones 

 subglobose, 1J to 2 inches broad. 



Pinus quadrifolia, Sudworth, Bull. No. 14, Div. Forestry, 



U. S. Dept. Agric. 17 (1897). 

 Pinus Llaveana, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 208, t. 



53 (not Schlechtendal) (1859). — Bolander, Proc. Cal. 



Acad. iii. 318. 

 Pinus Parryana, Engelmann, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxriv. 



332 (not Gordon) (1862) ; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. 



ii. 124. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 



402. — Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 49. — Sar- 



gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 189. — 

 Lemmon, Rep. California State Board Forestry, ii. 72, 

 89, t. (Pines of the Pacific Slojje) ; West- America)! Cone- 

 Bearers. 28, t. 3. — Steele, Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 

 1889, 234 {The Pines of California). — Mayr, Wold. 

 Isordam. 277, t. 7, f. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 255. — 

 Masters, Jour. R. Sort. Soc. xiv. 236. — Hansen, Jour. 

 R. Sort. Soc. xiv. 380 {Pinebum Danicuin). — Koehne, 

 Deutsche JDendr. 33. — S. B. Parish, Zoe, iv. 350. 



A tree, from thirty to forty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally eighteen inches in diameter. 

 During its first years the young plant, like all the Nut Pines, bears only primary leaves ; these are 

 linear-lanceolate, entire, strongly keeled, about an inch long, very glaucous, and marked with conspicuous 

 bands of stomata; at the end of five or six years they are shorter and begin to bear in their axils the 

 buds of leaf -clusters ; as these develop, the primary leaves, which gradually become smaller and bract- 

 like, wither and fall, and the plant assumes its adult appearance. 1 The stout spreading branches form a 

 compact regular pyramid, the broad base often resting on the ground, and in old age a loose round- 

 topped irregular head surmounting the short stem. The bark of the trunk is dark brown tinged with 

 red, from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, and divided by shallow fissures into broad 

 flat connected ridges covered by thick closely appressed plate-like scales. The branchlets are stout, 

 and when they first appear are coated with short soft pubescence, and are made conspicuous by the 

 large broadly oval light brown scales of the branch-buds, which cover them before the leaf-buds begin 

 to lengthen and do not disappear until the end of their second season, when the branchlets become light 

 orange-brown, growing darker and more or less tinged with red in their third year. In June, after the 

 appearance of the flowers, the scales of the leaf -buds lengthen with the young leaves, forming close 

 narrow pale chestnut-brown sheaths about half an inch in length, the scales soon becoming reflexed and 

 usually persisting at the base of the leaf-cluster until the following spring. The foliage leaves are 

 borne in from three to five or usually in four-leaved clusters and are incurved, sharp-pointed with 

 callous tips, entire, pale glaucous green, from an inch and a half to an inch and three quarters in 

 length and often one eighth of an inch in width, the dorsal side being wider than either of the others ; 

 they contain a single fibro-vascular bundle and two large dorsal resin ducts surrounded by strengthen- 

 in o* cells, and are marked on the ventral sides with from eight to ten rows of conspicuous stomata ; - 

 they fall irregularly and mostly during their third season, although many of them persist until their 

 fourth year. The staminate flowers, which are produced in elongated spikes, are oval and nearly a 

 quarter of an inch long, their anthers terminating in laciniated crests, and are surrounded by an 

 involucre of four conspicuous bracts rather longer than the bud-scales. The pistillate flowers are 

 sub terminal, solitary or clustered, nearly sessile, subglobose, and from one eighth to one quarter of 

 an inch in length, with broadly obovate scales gradually narrowed at the rounded apex into short 

 broad points. The cones are subglobose and from an inch and a half to two inches broad, with 



1 Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxi. f. 92. " Coulter & Rose, Bot. Gazette, xi. 303. 



