CONIFERvE. 



8ILVA OF NORTE AMERICA. 



79 



thin narrow slightly concave scales usually rounded or sometimes pointed at the apex, the apophyses 

 being transversely keeled and slightly or much thickened into central knobs terminating in com- 

 pressed straight or recurved umbos armed with slender prickles ; at maturity the exposed portion of 

 the scales turns light reddish brown and becomes lustrous, and the remainder dull red-brown on the 

 upper side and deep purple on the lower ; after ripening the cones mostly fall during the first autumn 

 and winter, usually leaving their lower scales attached to the peduncles. 1 The seeds are ovate, acute, 

 compressed at the apex, full and rounded below, and about a quarter of an inch long, with a thin dark 

 purple often more or less mottled coat produced above into a narrow rim ; their wings are usually 

 broadest below the middle, thin, pale brown, gradually narrowed at the oblique apex, from an inch to 

 an inch and a quarter in length and about an inch in width ; the cotyledons vary from six to nine in 

 number. 



Pinus ponderosa inhabits mountain slopes, dry valleys, and high mesas from northwestern 

 Nebraska and western Texas to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and from southern British Columbia to 

 Lower California and northern Mexico. The typical form ranges from about latitude 51° north in the 

 interior of British Columbia, 2 southward through western Montana and northern Idaho, and through 

 Washington and Oregon, and along the slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the California coast ranges, 

 growing in the interior on the arid soil of high valleys and on dry mountain slopes, and forming open 

 forests often of great extent ; in western British Columbia and in Washington and Oregon west of the 

 Cascade Mountains it is usually found only on dry gravelly plains, or rarely in swamps, where it is 

 always small and stunted, with rough nearly black bark ; in California it attains its largest size on the 

 basins of filled-up lakes on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it is common from an 

 elevation of about two thousand feet above the sea nearly to the upper limits of tree-growth ; 3 crossing 

 the range through the lowest passes, it extends down to its eastern base and out on to the hot volcanic 

 plains beyond, sweeping with a great forest northward into Oregon, where it extends from the eastern 

 foothills of the Cascade Mountains north of the Klamath Lakes at an elevation of about two thousand 

 five hundred feet above the sea eastward to the mountains east of Goose Lake, covering them, with the 

 exception of their highest peaks, with large trees. 4 



In southern Oregon, where it is common and is the largest tree on the dry volcanic foothills of the 

 Siskiyou Mountains near Waldo, a form occurs 5 with more pungently aromatic juices, stifTer and more 



1 This peculiarity of the breaking away of the cone of Pinus pon- 

 derosa from its lower scales seems common to nearly all individuals 

 of its numerous forms ; but during the summer of 1896 Professor 

 J. W. Toumey found a single tree on the Chiricahua Mountains in 

 Arizona, from which the small cones had all fallen without break- 

 ing. One of these cones is figured on plate dlxv. f. 3. 



2 G. M. Dawson, Can. Nat. n. ser. ix. 326. — Macoun, Cat. Can. 

 PL 466. 



8 Muir, The Mountains of California, 162, f. 



4 C. Hart Merriam in litt. 



6 Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey, Rep. Dept. Agric. U. S. 



1875, 179 (Cat. Forest Trees U. S.) (1876). — Engelmann, Trans. 



St. Louis Acad. iv. 181 ; Brewer §• Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 126. 



Pinus Jeffreyi, A. Murray, Rep. Oregon Exped. ii. t. 1 (1853) ; 

 Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. n. ser. xi. 224, t. 8, 9 ; Trans. Bot. 

 Soc. Edinburgh, vi. 350, t. — Carriere, Traite Conif. 358. — Gor- 

 don, Pinetum, 198. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 87. — 

 (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacece, 115. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — 

 Se'ne'clauze, Conif. 126. — Parlatore, Be Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. 

 ii. 393. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i. 45, t. 6, f. 1-4. — K.Koch, 

 Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 314. — Engelmann, Bot. Gazette, vii. 4. — Veitch, 

 Man. Conif. 165. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census 

 U. S. ix. 193. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 111. — Hooker f. 

 Gard. Chron. n. ser. xxii. 814, f. 141. — Schiibeler, Virid. Norveg. 



i. 390. — Willkomm, Forst. Fl. 192. — Lemrnon, Rep. California 

 State Board Forestry, ii. 73, 99 (Pines of the Pacific Slope) ; West- 

 American Cone-Bearers, 34, t. 5. — Steele, Proc. Am. Pharm. As- 

 soc. 1889, 238 (The Pines of California). — Masters, Gard. 

 Chron. ser. 3, v. 360, f . 65, 68 ; Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 231. — 

 Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 327, f. 15, t. 7, f. — Beissner, Handb. Na- 

 delh. 263, f . 62. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 305 (Pinetum 

 Danicum). — Hempel & Wilhelm, Baume und Straucher, i. 189, f. 

 Ill, B-D. — Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 7, 339 (Death 

 Valley Exped. ii.). — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 222 

 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 35. 



Pinus defiexa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 209, t. 50 (in 

 part) (1859). — Henkel & Hochstetter, I. c. 416. — Carriere, I. c. 

 ed. 2, 455. — Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 318. — Parlatore, 

 I. c. 431. — A. Murray, Gard. Chron. n. ser. iii. 106. — Gordon, 

 1. c. ed. 2, 289. — Beissner, I. c. — Hansen, I. u. 357. 



Pinus Jeffreyi, var. nigricans, Lemmon, Rep. California State 

 Board Forestry, ii. 74, 100, t. (Pines of the Pacific Slope) (1888). — 

 Steele, I. c. 



Pinus Jeffreyi, var. (b) defiexa, Lemmon, I. c. (1888) ; West- 

 American Cone-Bearers, 35. — Steele, I. c. 



Pinus Jeffreyi, var. (c) montana, Lemmon, West- American Cone- 

 Bearers, 35 (1895). 

 In its extreme forms Pinus Jeffreyi is very distinct from any of 



