104 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. coniferje. 



dark red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into thick appressed 

 plate-like scales. The winter branch-buds are ovate, acute, from one third to one half of an inch long, 

 and one quarter of an inch thick, with acuminate bright chestnut-brown scales only slightly fimbriated 

 on the margins, their thickened persistent bases roughening for years the slender branchlets, which 

 when they first appear are light or dark orange-color, often covered with a glaucous bloom, and 

 gradually grow dark red-brown. The leaves are borne in clusters of three or rarely of two, with 

 persistent sheaths which at first are thin, loose, scarious, and from one half to three quarters of an inch 

 long, but soon, losing their inner scales, become thick, firm, dark brown, and about a quarter of an 

 inch in length ; they are closely serrate, acute with short callous tips, bright rich green, from four to 

 six inches long, about one twenty-fourth of an inch wide, and stomatif erous on the three faces ; they 

 contain two fibro-vascular bundles and usually a single parenchymatous resin duct surrounded by 

 strengthening cells, which also occur generally in a single interrupted layer under the epidermis ; * they 

 mostly fall during their third season. The staminate flowers are produced in dense spikes from an inch 

 to an inch and a half long, and are oblong and half an inch in length, with yellow anthers terminating 

 in orbicular denticulate crests, and ten involucral bracts. The pistillate flowers are lateral, clustered, 

 raised on short stout peduncles covered by broadly ovate acute chestnut-brown bracts scarious on 

 the margins, and are dark purple, with ovate scales gradually contracted into slender incurved tips, 

 and conspicuous orbicular bracts. The cones at the end of their first year are ovate, horizontal, or 

 slightly ascending, purple, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom, armed with minute incurved 

 spines, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long and about two thirds of an inch wide ; and when 

 fully grown in the autumn they are short-stalked, deflexed, oval, pointed at the apex, very oblique at 

 the base by a greater development of the scales on the outer than on the inner side, from three to five 

 inches long and from two to three inches thick, with thin nearly flat scales deep purple below and 

 rounded at the apex, their exposed portions, which are much thickened and mammillate toward the base 

 on the outer side of the cone, and are thin and obscurely transversely keeled on its inner side and at 

 its apex, terminating in small dark four-sided umbos furnished with minute thickened incurved or 

 straight prickles ; the cones are deep chestnut-brown, lustrous, and persistent, often remaining closed 

 on the branches for many years. The seeds are oval, compressed, about a quarter of an inch long, 

 with a thin brittle tuberculate black coat and an embryo with from five to seven cotyledons ; their 

 wings are thin, light brown, longitudinally striped, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed 

 and oblique at the apex, an inch long and about a quarter of an inch wide. 



Pinus radiata, which is most abundant and grows to its largest size on Point Pinos south of the 

 Bay of Monterey, inhabits a narrow strip of the California coast from Pescadero to the shores of San 

 Simeon Bay, forming an interrupted forest extending inland from the summits of sea cliffs and the 

 margins of beaches and sand dunes for a distance only of a few miles, and grows also in a peculiar 

 form 2 on the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz of the Santa Barbara group, and on Guadalupe 

 off the coast of Lower California, on which great forests of this tree formerly existed at elevations 

 between two and four thousand feet above the sea-level. 



The wood of Pinus radiata is light, soft, not strong, brittle, and close-grained ; it is light brown, 

 with thick nearly white sapwood, and contains narrow conspicuous resinous bands of small summer cells 

 and inconspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4574, a cubic 



1 Coulter & Rose, Bot. Gazette, xi. 307. ward Palmer in 1875 on the island of Guadalupe, where it is a 



2 Pinus radiata, var. (b) binata, Lemmon, West-American Cone- large tree usually about seventy feet high, with wide-spreading 

 Bearers, 42 (1895). branches, differs only in the number of the leaves, which are usu- 



Pinus insignis, var. binata, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 119 ally produced in clusters of two and sometimes on the same branch 



(1876). — Engelmann, Brewer Sf Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 128. — Sar- in clusters of two and of three, the cones appearing identical with 



gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 196. — Masters, those borne by the mainland tree. In June, 1888, this form was 



Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 231. — Franceschi, Zoe, iv. 138. found on Santa Rosa by Mr. T. S. Brandegee (Proc. Cal. Acad. 



The insular form of Pinus radiata, first discovered by Dr. Ed- ser. 2, i. pt. ii. 217). 



