conifers. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 131 



PINUS GLABRA. 

 Spruce Pine. Cedar Pine. 



Leaves in 2-leaved clusters, soft, slender, dark green, from \\ to 3 inches in length. 

 Cones subglobose to oblong-ovate, from \\ to 2 inches long, their scales thin, tipped 

 with straight or incurved short often deciduous prickles. 



Pinus glabra, Walter, Fl. Car. 237 (1788). — Poiret, La- Bull. No. 13, Div. Forestry U. S. Dept. Agric. 125 (The 



march Diet. v. 342. — Chapman, Fl. 433. — Hoopes, Timber Pines of the Southern U. S.). — Mayr, Wold. 



Evergreens, 82. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Nordam. 117, t. 8, f . — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 



iv. 184. — Sargent, Forest Trees JSf. Am. 10th Census 229. 



U. S. ix. 200. — Mohr, Garden and Forest, iii. 295 ; Pinus mitis, ft paupera, Wood, CI. Book, 660 (1869). 



A tree, usually from eighty to one hundred or occasionally one hundred and twenty feet in height, 

 with a trunk from two to two and a half or rarely three and a half feet in diameter, and free of 

 branches for fifty or sixty feet, comparatively small horizontal limbs divided into branches and branch- 

 lets spreading at right angles, and numerous lateral roots extending from a weak tap-root for some 

 distance close to the surface before they penetrate deep into the soil. The bark of the trunk is from 

 one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness and slightly and irregularly divided by shallow 

 fissures into flat connected ridges, and is broken into small closely appressed light reddish brown 

 scales. The winter branch-buds are ovate, acute, about one quarter of an inch long and one sixteenth 

 of an inch thick, and are covered with ovate lanceolate dark chestnut-brown scales separating on the 

 margins into numerous white matted shreds, those of the inner ranks mostly disappearing during the 

 first winter and leaving their rather prominent somewhat thickened bases to roughen the branches for 

 several years. The branchlets, which are slender and glabrous, when they first appear are flaccid, light 

 red more or less tinged with purple, and during their first winter they are fight reddish brown, 

 and then gradually grow darker and are often furnished with short lateral leafy branchlets from 

 adventitious buds. The leaves are borne in clusters of two, with sheaths which at first are light 

 chestnut-brown below, scarious above, and from one third to nearly one half of an inch long, but 

 before the end of the summer become close, nearly black, and about an eighth of an inch in length, 

 with loose ragged margins, and are persistent with the leaves, which fall partly at the end of their 

 second season and partly in the following spring ; the leaves are soft, flexible, serrulate, acuminate 

 with long sharp callous points, dark green, and from an inch and a half to three inches long and nearly 

 one sixteenth of an inch wide, and contain two fibro-vascular bundles and usually two or three resin 

 ducts, one being often internal, and strengthening cells scattered under the epidermis. 1 The staminate 

 flowers are produced in short crowded clusters and are cylindrical, from one half to three quarters of 

 an inch long and about one eighth of an inch thick, with yellow anthers terminating in orbicular 

 denticulate crests, and are surrounded by an involucre of ten or twelve bracts membranaceous and 

 lacerate on the margins, the lowest pair being much smaller than the others. The pistillate flowers are 

 lateral, being commonly produced at some distance below the end of the branchlet, and are raised on 

 slender slightly ascending peduncles covered by dark chestnut-brown lustrous bracts scarious and often 

 torn on the margins ; they are subglobose and about a quarter of an inch long, with broadly ovate 

 scales gradually narrowed into short stout tips, and elliptical bracts. The cones during their first 

 winter are oblong, erect or slightly spreading, not often more than one third of an inch in length, and 



1 Coulter & Rose, Bot. Gazette, xi. 308. 



