146 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. conifers. 



houses, and in the manufacture of sashes, doors, and blinds. It is largely used for these purposes, for 

 the framework of buildings, weather-boards, and for flooring and shingles, in car-building, and for 

 railway ties. It contains a large quantity of resin, and in North Carolina young trees, which are the 

 most prolific, are worked for the production of turpentine. 1 



Pinus echinata, 2 which was cultivated in England before the middle of the eighteenth century, 3 

 was first described by Plukenet in 1696 ; 4 it is occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree, and has 

 proved hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts. Spreading now rapidly over abandoned fields in 

 the upper districts of the south Atlantic and Gulf states, which it soon covers with healthy forests, the 

 Short-leaved Pine seems destined to play an important part in restoring fertility to their lands and in 

 supplying new crops of valuable timber. 



1 Ashe, Bull. No. 5, North Carolina Geolog. Surv. 88 (The Forest, 8 Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 316 (as Pinus variabilis). — Loudon, 

 Forest Lands, and Forest Products of Eastern North Carolina). Arb. Brit. iv. 2195, f. 2072-2076 (as Pinus mitis). 



2 Pinus echinata is also known as Spruce Pine in Delaware, Mis- 4 Pinus Virginiana proslongis foliis lenuioribus cono echinato gra- 

 sissippi, and Arkansas ; as Pitch Pine in Missouri, where it is the cili, Aim. Bot. 297. — Duhamel, Traite des Arbres, ii. 126. 



only Pine-tree ; and as Bull Pine in Virginia. 



EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 



Plate DLXXXVII. Pinus echinata. 



1. An end of a branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 



2. An involucre of a staminate flower, enlarged. 



3. Diagram of the involucre of the staminate flower. 



4. An anther, front view, enlarged. 



5. An end of a branch with pistillate flowers, natural size. 



6. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 



7. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract, enlarged. 



8. A fruiting branch, natural size. 



9. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size. 



10. A seed, natural size. 



11. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 



12. An embryo, enlarged. 



13. Tip of a leaf, enlarged. 



14. Cross section of a leaf, magnified fifteen diameters. 



