148 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. conifers. 



until the second or third year, when they fall gradually and irregularly ; they contain two fibro-vascular 

 bundles, one or two parenchymatous resin ducts, which are sometimes wanting, and strengthening cells 

 under the epidermis between the numerous bands of deep-set stomata. 1 The staminate flowers are 

 produced in crowded clusters usually about an inch and a half in length, and are oblong and from 

 one third to one half of an inch long and about one eighth of an inch thick, with yellow anthers 

 terminating in nearly orbicular obscurely denticulate crests, and are surrounded by from six to eight 

 involucral bracts. The pistillate flowers, which are subglobose, with dark purple ovate scales gradually 

 narrowed into short incurved tips, are produced in clusters of from two to four on the terminal shoot 

 and on its numerous lateral branchlets, two clusters being often produced on the same leading shoot, 

 and are raised on stout peduncles from one eighth to nearly one quarter of an inch long, and covered 

 by large chestnut-brown broadly ovate acute bracts which immediately under the flower are scarious 

 and spreading or reflexed. The cones during their first winter are erect, subglobose or oblong, and 

 about a quarter of an inch in length, light yellow-brown, and armed with minute incurved prickles ; 

 and when they are fully grown in the following autumn they are oblong-conical, acute, oblique at the 

 base, sessile, erect and strongly incurved, or slightly spreading and occasionally recurved above the 

 middle, from an inch and a half to two inches long, from one half to three quarters of an inch thick, 

 dull purple or green when fully grown, and pale yellow-brown and lustrous at maturity, with thin stiff 

 scales rounded at the apex, and below dark dull purple on the lower and bright mahogany-red and 

 lustrous on the upper side, their exposed portions, which terminate in minute circular oblong concave 

 dark umbos, furnished with minute incurved often deciduous prickles, being on the outside of the cone 

 and especially near the base much thickened into large mammillate knobs, and on the inside smaller 

 and mammillate near the base of the cone and above transversely keeled, slightly thickened, or nearly 

 flat ; they usually remain closed for several years, opening very irregularly, and generally not falling 

 for twelve or fifteen years. The seeds are nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, and about 

 three eighths of an inch long, with almost black tuberculate coats and an embryo with four or five 

 cotyledons ; their wings are pale, lustrous, broadest at the middle, full and rounded at the apex, one 

 third of an inch long and one eighth of an inch wide. 



Pinus divaricata is distributed from the neighborhood of Halifax, Nova Scotia, to the shores of 

 the Bay of Chaleurs and to those of Lake Mistassinnie, and westward south of a line about one hundred 

 miles south of James Bay to the valley of Moose River, and then northwestward to the neighborhood 

 of Fort Assiniboine on the Athabasca River and down the valley of the Mackenzie River, where it 

 is the only Pine-tree, to about latitude 65° north; 2 southward it ranges to the shores of Schoodic 

 peninsula in Frenchman's Bay 3 and Alamoosook Lake, 4 Maine, Welch Mt., New Hampshire, 5 to western 

 Vermont 6 and the Adirondacks, 7 to the southern shores of Lake Michigan in Indiana and Illinois, 

 the banks of the Lacrosse and Black Rivers in northern Illinois, 8 and to central Minnesota. In 

 eastern Canada, where at the north it is often a mere shrub, and on the borders of the northeastern 

 states, it usually grows in small widely scattered colonies. It is more abundant in central Michigan, 

 covering great tracts of barren lands, 9 and on the sand dunes along the southern shores of Lake 

 Michigan, where it mingles with Pinus Strobus and with stunted Oaks and other deciduous-leaved 



1 Coulter & Rose, Bot. Gazette, xi. 308. Ferrisburg in Addison County, western Vermont, by Mr. Rowland 



2 Brunet, Cat. Veg. Lig. Can. 56. — Bell, Bull. Geolog. Rep. Can. E. Robinson of Ferrisburg. 



1879-80, 46°. — Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 468. » J. H. Sears, Bull. Essex Inst. xiii. 186. 



8 Redfield & Rand, Bot. Gazette, xvi. 294 ; Fl. Mt. Desert Island, 8 p amme i ) Garden and Forest, iv. 532. 



149. — Rand, Garden and Forest, ii. 579. » In the upper part of the lower peninsula of Michigan numer- 



4 Pinus divaricata was found several years ago at the outlet of ous barrens, the largest with an area of several hundred square 

 Alamoosook Lake, Orland, Hancock County, Maine, by Mr. George miles, are covered with this tree and are known as Jack Pine 

 H. Witherle of Castine, Maine. One tree at this place was about Plains from one of its common names. (See Garden and Forest, i. 

 fifty feet high. 398.) 



5 Appalachia, iii. 65. — Bull Torrey Bot. Club, xviii. 150. In northern Michigan, "Wisconsin, and Minnesota, Pinus divari- 

 c About 1860 a small grove of Pinus divaricata was found near cata forms a valuable nurse for seedling plants of Pinus resinosa on 



