Bibliographical Notices. 67 
Sandstones, schists, and limestones, as types of the aqueous or 
stratified rocks, their modes of formation, their characters and classi- 
fication, occupy Lecture II. 
Concretions or nodules (including rocksalt and gypsum) in strata 
are next studied, and, together with modes of fossilization, form the 
third Lecture. The fourth considers geological time, tests of age in 
rocks stratified and unstratified (namely, relative position, mineral 
composition, and characteristic fossils), the thickness of strata, and 
its relation to time and to the development of organic life (a greater 
number of species accompanying a given thickness of stratified 
material at later than at older periods). Appendices on the theories 
of solar heat, and the calculation of geological time based thereon, 
accompany Lecture IV. The rate of production of species of crus- 
tacea, fishes, reptiles, and mammals in past time, and their relative 
zoological importance and chronological development, are tabulated 
and shown by diagrams in Lecture V., which also treats of the classi- 
fication of animals by Aristotle, Linné, Cuvier, and Lamarck. Dr, 
Haughton then concisely defines—1. The Spondylozoa ( Vertebrates); 
2. The Entomozoa (Annulose animals); 3. The Malacozoa (Mol- 
lusks); 4. The Echinozoa (Echinoderms); 5. The Celenterozoa 
(Corals, &c.); and, 6. The Protozoa. .The Appendices give details 
of classificatory arrangements by Moses, Aristotle, Linné, and Cuvier. 
Lecture VI. has the Azoic and Palzeozoic rocks for its subject. In 
1862 most metamorphic rocks were commonly regarded as being 
« Azoic;”? now, however, more of them are known to be fossili- 
ferous, and nearly all (leaving still some granitic masses to be ex- 
plained, perhaps by Durocher’s theory) are referred to some series 
or other of the known stratified rocks, the oldest groups having, of 
course, the largest proportion of altered rocks. The classification 
of rocks (based on succession in time and difference of formation) 
by Linné and Werner, and Hutton’s correction of Wernerian no- 
tions, are given. The great granitic and gneissose tracts (now 
regarded mainly as belonging to the Laurentian system) are briefly 
described. The Lower Paleeozoic strata are then referred to—first, as 
being badly provided with divisional names ; secondly, as character- 
ized in the lower group by Mollusks and Crustaceans (‘ Malacozoic”’ ), 
and in the upper by Fishes (“‘Ichthyozoic”). ; 
The wide range of species, not only in Paleozoic but in Mesozoic 
rocks, and the increase of difficulties in regard to the contemporaneity 
or non-contemporaneity of strata containing similar fossils, are also 
treated of in this chapter; and the author seems to think that when 
Ammonites and Ichthyosaurs lived in a warm climate at what are 
now the Arctic Regions, the equatorial heat must have been un- 
bearable; that as the globe cooled creatures migrated towards the 
equator from high latitudes to find a congenial temperature, new 
forms replacing them; and that, hence, strata in different latitudes 
bearing similar or characteristic fossils are not strictly contempora- 
neous, but subdivisible into representatives of many periods of 
time. This last idea, already handled by Dela Beche, Forbes, and 
Huxley, and illustrated by Jenkins, Duncan, and others, seems true 
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