68 Bibliographical Notices. 
enough, whether the climates were influenced by the internal heat 
of the globe (which we thought to have been disproved by Hopkins), 
or by steam and carbonic acid of the atmosphere keeping the earth 
warm in early days: and now we speak of Homotaxis (‘‘same ar- 
rangement”’), and of the Homotaxeous relationship of strata, instead 
of hypothetical and possibly false contemporaneity. In the Appen- 
dices to this chapter we have, first, Linné’s theory of the formation 
of rocks; and secondly, the author’s views as to the formation of 
continents and mountain-chains, already known as a bold and inge- 
nious theory, full of worth. 
Lecture VII. is preliminary to the study of fossils, being devoted 
to the explanation of the value of different kinds of symmetry in in- 
organic and organic nature, more particularly to the geologist, who 
has rarely anything but the hard parts of a creature to deal with. 
There is the symmetry of minerals, of plants, and of animals. The 
first is purely geometrical ; and the lower the creature in the scale 
of organization the more perfect is its subjection to geometrical laws. 
In the highest development of the animal kingdom “ we have the 
symmetry of form reduced to its simplest condition, that of a 
bilateral symmetry with reference to a plane, all symmetry with re- 
ference to a line having been abandoned.” The consideration of 
this subject, which seems to be a favourite with the author, leads 
him to treat at length of the cells of bees, and of the opinions of 
Pappus, Maraldi, Reaumur, and Darwin thereon, the last-named 
getting but little credit. 
The eighth Lecture commences the history of the creatures that 
lived at various times on the earth’s surface, and premises “ that 
there is a general progress in complexity of organization as we follow 
the history of the globe from the oldest to the newest strata, although 
there are many exceptions.” The Protozoa, Celenterozoa, and Ln- 
tomozoa are comprised in this lecture. Belonging to the first, the 
Foraminifera are spoken of; but the classification given for them at 
p- 174 is quite obsolete and superseded by Carpenter’s. Nummulina 
is chiefly referred to, and the range of the Nummulitic strata. J?e- 
ceptaculites is also also brought forward, and, with Orditolites, 
shows the geometrical symmetry of the ‘Spiral of Archimedes.” 
Polycystines and Sponges are also briefly treated of ; but even that 
little might be greatly improved. The Corals (Hydrozoa and Acti- 
nozoa) come next; and their symmetry being related to a line, whilst 
that of Echinoderms is related to a plane, is pointed out as one of 
the reasons for separating the latter, as a higher group, from the 
Ceelenterates. ‘The Corals are better treated than the Protozoans, 
as to definition and classification. The Hntomozoa or Articulata 
(Insects, Myriapods, Arachnids, Crustaceans, and Worms) are then 
noticed, more especially the Crustacea, including the Cirripedes, 
which, however, are not true Crustaceans, and among which cer- 
tainly Aptychus has no place. With reference to paleontological 
laws, the Rev. Dr. Haughton prefers to say “that the Neozoic 
Crustaceans were superior in organization to the Paleeozoic” than 
* that the Crustaceans progressed as the world grew older.” 
