72 Bibliographical Notices. 
* But we must not suppose that Pliny contemplated any such di- 
vision. Qn the contrary, the Spruce Fir, which stands as the very 
type of the genus Adies, is not indigenous either in Italy or Greece. 
Loudon, therefore, and other botanical writers are in error when 
they regard the Abies of the Latins as the Spruce Fir of Northern 
nations. 
‘Tn order to ascertain what kind of tree Pliny meant by the term 
Abies, and Theophrastus by the corresponding one éAdrn, our best 
method will be to inquire, in the first instance, what are the species 
indigenous in Greece and Italy. 
“In Greece Sibthorp enumerated the following :— 
1, Pinus sylvestris, Scotch Fir, which he states to be found in 
the mountains of Bithynia. As this, however, has not been con- 
firmed by succeeding travellers, it seems doubtful whether he may 
not have confounded with it the Corsican Pine, P. Laricio, which, 
though omitted by him, is recognized by other botanists (Lambert, 
‘Genus Pinus,’ Gussone, ‘ Flora Sicula ’) as existing in all the southern 
parts of Europe. 
“2, Pinus pinea, Stone Pine, zirvs of Dioscorides (i. 86), met 
with on the sandy shores of Western Peloponnesus. 
“3. Pinus maritima, Maritime Pine, zeixn of Dioscorides, found 
everywhere in the sandy flats of Greece, and especially in Elis. It is 
probably the same as P. halepensis, which Sibthorp omits, but which 
is stated by other writers as the commonest Fir in Greece, from the 
sea-shore to a height of about 3000 feet above it. 
“ P, nicea, or Abies pectinata, the Silver Fir of modern botanists, 
and the éAdry of Theophrastus, which is met with commonly on 
the loftier mountains of Greece. 
“Tn Italy the same species occur, and, in addition to them, the 
P. pinaster, or Cluster Pine, is abundant as far south as Genoa, 
where it gives place to the Pinus halepensis already noticed, and, 
according to Tenore (Flora Neap.) to three others, namely P. brutia, 
pumilio, and uncinata. 
“Tn the Alps, too, and the south of France the Pinus Mugho or 
uncinata and Cembra are abundant ; ; so that the Roman writers may 
have had in their eye five more species of Fir than those occurring 
in Greece. 
“Now, in order to prove which of the species above assigned is 
the one designated by Pliny under the name of Ades, and by the 
Greeks under that of éddz», let us consider the properties assigned 
to that tree. 
“1. It was especially useful in ship-building. Hence in Euripides 
(Pheen. 208) éAdry is used for a ship. 
«2. It grows chiefly on the summits of mountains. 
«3. It resembles in form the P. picea. 
“4, It is chiefly used for beams, and other purposes for which 
solidity is requisite. 
«5. It gives out so much resin that the quality of the wood is 
often impaired by the quantity emitted, even the warmth of the sun 
being sufficient to cause an exudation; whereas the same process is 
even serviceable in the case of the Picea. 
