184 Prof. Santo Garovaglio on the Species of 
most valuable characters for constituting sections of the genus. 
The presence or absence of paraphyses, the situation of the male 
organs (spermogonta and spermatocalia) the figure of the ascus,with 
the arrangement of the spores in its interior, and sometimes also 
the variations of the thallus, position of the apothecia, and size of 
the spores are made available for the characters of the secondary 
divisions, termed cohortes; whilst the multiplied modes in which 
the exterior and interior organs combine themselves form the 
basis of his definition of the species. The chemical reaction of 
iodine, form of the pyenides, and the sterigmata and spermatia 
are rejected as furnishing no available characters. 
The author rejects all the interminable subtle and minute 
divisions into innumerable genera of the Massalongian school, 
and holds a middle course between that and the collective or 
ageregate school. 
The genus, thus limited, comprises no less than thirty-five ge- 
nera of the Massalongians : viz. Acrocordia, Mass., Amphoridium, 
Mass., Arthopyrenia, Mass., Blastodesmia, Mass., Bunodea, Mass., 
Campylacia, Mass., Geisleria, Nitschke, Gongylia, Korb., Lep- 
torhaphis, Korb., Lithoicea, Mass., Lithospheria, Beck, Korb., 
Microthelia, K6rb., Paraphysorma, Mass., Polyblastia, Mass., 
Porphyriospora, Mass., Pyrenula, auct. plur., Sagedia, auct. plur. 
p- p-» Seyestrella, Fries, Korb., Spheromphale, Reich., Korb., 
Sporodictyon, Mass., Staurothele, Norm., Stigmatomma, Korb., 
Sychnogonia, Kirb., Thelidium, Mass., Thelotrema, Hepp. (non 
Ach.), Tichothecium, Flot., Thr ombium, Wallr., Verrucaria, auct. 
plur., We iene. Gry &e., saul more than 200 of their 
species, and is thus characterized :— 
VERRUCARIA. 
Apothecium verruceforme, primo clausum, deinceps poro per- 
tusum, duplici instructum excipulo proprio; interius nu- 
cleum solitarium obvolvens, ceraceo-membranaceum, molle, 
primitus hyalinum, vel pallide coloratum, desuperne pede- 
tentim nigrescens; exterius durum, fragile, mox aterrimum, 
fere corneo-carbonaceum, rarissime paral majorem mi- 
noremyve apothecii superioris partem tegens. Spore varie. 
Sterigmata simplicia. 
Each species is described at length, its synonymy amply 
developed, and valuable adnotationes as to prominent characters 
and allied plants appended. 
Space only permits us here to give the arrangement of the 
species, with references to such figures and Exsiccati as are 
generally in the possession of or accessible to British licheno- 
logists. 
