238 STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 
the Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and most Aptera, 
with the neuropterous tribes of Lzbellulina, Ephemerina, 
and the genus Termes, in the class Insecta ; and the majo- 
rity of the Arachnida. This, like the first division of lar- 
vee, may be subdivided into two corresponding smaller 
sections ; the first including those pupze which resemble 
the jarvee, except in the relative proportion and number 
of some of their parts ; and the second those that resem- 
ble them, except in having the rudiments of wings, or of 
wings and elytra. 
i. The first subdivision will include the pupeze, if they 
may be so called *, of insects of the Aptera order, and of 
the class Arachnida: as, lice, Poduride, Lepismida, centi- 
pedes, millipedes, mites, harvest-men, spiders, scorpions, 
&e. These mostly differ from their larvee only in that 
the relative length or number of their legs, the number of 
the segments of the body in some, or the development of 
their palpi, more nearly approach the characters of the 
perfect insect ; and in that while in their larva state they 
have two or more skins to cast, previously to their assump- 
tion of the imago, in their pupa state they have but one. 
In fact, this last circumstance is the only one which, 
strictly speaking, characterizes the pupz of this subdivi- 
sion ; as the changes which take place in the number and 
proportion of the organs are partly produced with each 
change of the larva’s skin. And hence, as it is not easy 
to ascertain what number of skins a spider, for example, 
has yet to cast, and as both the larva and pupa differ so 
little from the perfect insect, it is very difficult to deter- 
® The terms Jerva and pupa, applied to the insects of this subdivi- 
sion, are perhaps not strictly proper. 
