STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 239 
mine in what state insects of this division are. From 
this difficulty has probably arisen the too great multipli- 
cation of species in some of these tribes, particularly the 
Arachnida, the larva and pupa having been mistaken for 
perfect insects. The pupee of this subdivision were 
named by Linné. complete, from the near resemblance 
which they bear to the imago. 
ii, The second subdivision will include the pupx of 
the Dermaptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera orders, with 
few exceptions; as likewise the Lzbellulina, Ephemerina, 
and Termitina ? amongst the Neuroptera : including the 
well-known tribes of earwigs, cockroaches, crickets, 
grasshoppers, locusts, lanthorn-flies, froghoppers, bugs, 
plant-lice, dragon-flies, day-flies, white ants, &c. Of 
these, as in the former subdivision, the pupze are equally 
capable of eating and moving with the larve, which 
they resemble, except in having the rudiments of wings, 
or of wings and elytra. ‘The pupeze of the three orders 
first enumerated differ from those of the Newroptera in 
resembling the perfect insect in most instances, both as 
to shape and the organs for taking their food; and in 
all other respects, except in not having their wings and 
elytra fully developed?. ‘The resemblance of the pupx 
of the Libellulina and Ephemerina to the perfect insects 
is more distant, and the above organs in the two states 
are very dissimilar; for the pupz of ‘the former are 
furnished with a prehensory mask similar to that of 
the larvee before described», which the perfect insect has 
2 The larvae and pupz of many of the homopterous section of Hemi- 
ptera differ often from the imago, not only in their fore- legs (PLatE 
XVI. Fic. 4.), but also in other respects. I have the larva of a Cen- 
trotus from Canada, given me by Dr. Bigsby, which has a long anal 
process or tail. b See above, p. 125—~. 
