240 STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 
not; and those of the latter with the usual oral organs of 
masticating insects, of which the imago has scarcely the 
rudiments. 
I have applied the term rudiments to the wings and 
elytra in this state, not in a strict sense, but merely to 
denote their appearance; for in fact the wings, &c. are 
complete, but only folded up longitudinally and trans- 
versely, and inclosed in membranous cases, which when 
the last change takes place remain attached to the pupa- 
rium or pupa-case. The tegmina or hemelytra in this 
state usually cover the wings, and the upper wings the 
under ; but in the Zbellulina both are usually visible. 
Though commonly very small compared with the instru- 
ments of flight in the perfect insect, some of these rudi- 
ments contrasted with the majority, are of considerable 
magnitude. ‘This is the case with those of some species 
of Chermes, as we learn from De Geer?. 
II. The second grand division comprises by far the 
largest number of pupze: those of all coleopterous, strep- 
stpterous, lepidopterous, hymenopterous, dipterous, and 
aphanipterous, and by far the majority of zeuropterous in- 
sects, as well as the hemzpterous genus Aleyrodes, and one 
sex of Coccus of the same order. These pupze, however, 
though agreeing in the circumstance of being unlike the 
larvee from which they proceed, differ from each other in 
several respects, and require to be divided into three 
great sections, as under :— 
i. Those pupze in which the parts of the future insect, 
being folded up under a membranous skin closely apply- 
ing to each, are distinctly veséble. ‘To this head belong 
e Mit, Lo. 
