STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 241 
generally, the pupze of coleopterous * and hymenopterous 
insects ; those of the neuropterous genera Myrmeleon and 
Hemerobius, &c.; the Trichoptera ; amongst the Diptera, 
Culex, Tipula L., Tabanus, Bombylius, &c.; and that of the 
flea (Pulex). These were the zncomplete pupe of Linné. 
ii. Those pupeze in which the parts of the future insect, 
being folded up under a harder skin, are dess distinctly 
discoverable. Yo this subdivision belong the pupe of all 
Lepidoptera, and of them alone. These are what Linné 
termed obtected pupze. 
iii. Those pupze which are inclosed in the thick and 
opaque skin of the larva, through which no ¢race of the 
perfect insect can be discovered. ‘These, which Linné 
termed coarctate pupz, include a large proportion of the 
dipterous genera; as Cistrus L., Musca L., Empis L., 
Conops L., &c. &c.® 
* The pupe of Cassida, Imatidium, &c. seem to vary somewhat from 
this type, the upper part being neither membranous nor exhibiting 
distinctly the form of the inclosed i imago. 
> The following arrangement of pup is perhaps in some respects 
better than that above given. But it is scarcely possible to propose 
one free from objections. 
I. Capable of eating and walking. 
i. Like the perfect insect, except in proportion and number 
of parts. 
1, Except in proportion (Lice, Podure, Mites, Spiders, 
Scorpions, &c.). 
2. Except in proportion and number (Centipedes, Mille- 
pedes). 
ii. With rudiments of the organs of flight. 
1. With oral organs resembling those of the perfect in- 
sect (Hemiptera). 
2, With oral organs differing from those of the perfect 
insect (Libellulina, Ephemerina). 
II. Incapable of eating and walking. 
i, Incomplete pupz. 
ii Obtected. 
. Coarctate, 
oer IIT. R ” 
