STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 247 
closed from them will belong, yet in these cases the or- 
gans being not so conspicuous, a less experienced ex- 
aminer might be perplexed, and unable to come to a 
conclusion. 
Although hymenopterous pupze have usually no parts 
but what are afterwards seen in the perfect insect, this 
is not the case with several coleopterous and dipterous 
ones, which are furnished with various temporary ap- 
pendages, indispensable to them to bring about their 
final change, or for other purposes. Thus, the pupa 
of the male of Lucanus Cervus has two short, jointed 
anal processes*. That of Hydrophilus caraboides has 
a pedunculated lunulate one; and moreover, the sides 
of the abdominal segments, and the top of the thorax, 
are beset with hairs, which are not seen in the perfect 
insect>, The abdomen of many, also, is armed with 
spines. That, the arrangement of whose organs I lately 
described, has a quadruple series in the back of this 
part; viz. on each of the first five segments, 3, 2, 2, 3. 
The five first ventral segments also have on each side 
three spines; the inner are incurved, the intermediate 
nearly upright, and the outer one recurved. These 
spines, except those of the innermost ventral series, ter- 
minate in a bristle. In another coleopterous species 
the back part of the head is armed with a pair of lateral 
spines, and that of the thorax with three processes, the 
external ones armed with a single spine, and the inter- 
mediate one with a pair. De Geer has figured the pupa 
of an Asilus, the head of which is armed with eight 
spines—two robust ones in front, and three smaller 
ones, connected at the base on each side. The abdomi- 
* Ros, ¢. 81. > Ibid. t. 95. 
