250 STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 
most, and representing the breast-bone in the pupa. 
The tongue lies over the fore-legs, except in the case of 
some sphinxes, which I shall notice afterwards: so that 
the glosso-theca covers both them and it. 
3. The abdomen-case consists of mine segments when 
viewed on the back, and of only siz when viewed below ; 
so that it might be said to have nine dorsal and six ven- 
tral segments: but the fact is, that the place of the three 
anterior ventral segments, or rather ventral portions of 
the segments, (for they form complete rings without any 
lateral suture,) are replaced by the wings and other or- 
gans: in consequence of this, the fourth segment, which 
is less covered than the three first, at its posterior mar- 
gin forms an annulus or ring. In counting the abdo- 
minal segments of a pupa, you must be careful not to 
include the piece that represents the metathorax, which 
looks as if it belonged to the abdomen?. In the pupz 
of butterflies you will discover evident traces of ten 
dorsal segments; but in many moths, and some hawk- 
moths, you will perceive at first only ezght, or even seven, 
but a closer examination will enable you to discover the 
line that marks out the others; and if you divide the 
puparium longitudinally, and inspect its internal surface, 
you will see very visible sutures between them. The 
intermediate segments are sometimes separated from 
each other and the preceding and subsequent ones by 
deep channels. In the pupa of Papilio Machaon there 
is one such channel between the third and fourth seg- 
? The caterpillar consists cf twelve segments (Lyonet ¢.i. f. 4, 5), 
excluding the head ; on each of which, except the 2d, 3d, and 12th, 
there is a pair of spiracles. The chrysalis usually exhibits an analogy 
to this structure, though the first, second, and last pair of spiracles 
are more or less obsolete in most. 
