STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 255" 
they are enabled to push themselves upwards or out- 
wards from their several places of confinement*: you 
will find these in the pupa of the great goat-moth (Cossus 
ligniperda); and in the cylindrical pupa of the moth 
called the ghost (Hepiolus Humulz) there are two rows 
of sharp triangular spines on the back of each segment. 
These are not laid flat, but, as they do also in the Cos- 
sus, form an acute angle with the body; which gives 
them greater power of resistance. Those that consti- 
tute the row nearest the base of the segment are longer 
than the anterior row, the middle spines than the lateral 
ones. ‘The first and last segment are without them, and 
the last segment but one has a sharp ventral transverse 
ridge, armed with many sharp teeth, The abdominal 
spines lately mentioned, of semicomplete pupze, are also 
adminicula. 
The tail of this description of pupee is in many in- 
stances armed with a mucro, or sharp point, emerging 
from its upper side. You will see this in most hawk- 
moths. In the pupa of Uria Proteus, K. the mucro is 
truncate at the apex; in that of Ceracampa imperatoria 
it is long, and terminates in two diverging points. In 
the majority of chrysalises of both descriptions the tail 
is acute, and usually furnished with hooks of different 
‘kinds. ‘These are so various in shape and number, &c. 
that they would probably afford good characters for dis- 
criminating many allied species. In some there are but 
two or three, in others five or six, in others they are 
more numerous*. Sometimes they are quite straight4, 
* See above, Vot. II. p. 297. 
; » This description was taken from a pupariwm in my own cabinet ; 
it is similarly described by De Geer i. 490. t. vii. f. 2. 
* Prater XXIII. Fie. 8, 9. « Kliemann Beitrage, 304. 
