256 STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 
but most commonly recurved, so as to form a hook. 
The hawk-moths, and a few others, as Lastocampa Pini, 
Cerura Vinula, &c., have no anal hooks whatever. Un- 
der this head I shall observe, that in many conical pupz 
below the anal angle or mucro, is the appearance of a 
vertical foramen or passage: this is particularly conspi- 
cuous in Hepiolus, in which it is surmounted by a bifid 
ridge, and has under it a pair of minute black tubercles. 
A pretty accurate judgement of the division to which 
the perfect insect when disclosed will belong, may usually 
be formed from the figure of its chrysalis. All the angu- 
lar ones, with scarcely any exception, inclose butterfizes. 
The converse, however, does not hold; for some that 
are not angular, as those of Parnassus Apollo and Mne- 
mosyne, and most of the Linnean Plebeiz urbicola, also 
inclose flies of that description. With these exceptions, 
all conical chrysalises give birth to moths or hawk-moths. 
An idea even of the family or genus under which the 
perfect insect will arrange, may be generally formed 
from the figure of the chrysalis ; less distinctly, however, 
in the conical or rounded, than in the angular kinds, in 
which the prominences of the head and trunk, as before 
explained, usually vary in different families. Even the 
sex of some moths may be judged from the pupe: those 
of females being thicker; and those also of the females 
that have no wings, or only the rudiments of them, will 
of course vary somewhat from the ordinary form: but 
there is a still more striking difference in that of Psyche 
vestita, and others of the singular tribe before noticed ?, 
called by the Germans Sacktrager (sack-bearers), from 
the sack-like cases in which the larva resides. The 
* See above, Vou. I. 461. 
