STATES OF INSECTS. (Pupa.) 257 
females of these having not only no wings, but no an- 
tennee, and legs not longer than those of the larva, their 
pupa more resembles that of a dipterous than of a lepi- 
dopterous insect, it being not easy to determine which is 
the head and which the tail?. 
In these too we can often learn from the outline of 
the wing-cases, whether the inhabitant of the chrysalis 
has these organs indented or intire. If the former, the 
margins of these cases are sinuate, as in that of Vanessa 
C. album ; if the latter, they are intire, as in Pontia Bras- 
sice. Even in conical pupz,—the size, the shape of 
the antenne, which may be distinguished through the 
skin that covers them, and slight modifications of the 
ordinary form,—give indications of the genus of the in- 
cluded insect sufficiently conclusive to a practised eye. 
The true figure of coarctate pupze when they are ma- 
ture, the parts of the future fly being very visible, and 
each being included in a separate case®, is that of those 
that belong to the incomplete division; but as this is a 
character not cognizable without dissection, it is custo- 
mary, in speaking of pupz of this description, to refer 
solely to the shape of the exterior covering, which is in 
fact a cocoon formed of the dried skin of the larva 
moulded into a different form. In this sense the figure 
of coarctate pupz is extremely various: The majority 
of them are more or less oval or elliptical, without any 
distinct parts, were it not that they usually retain traces 
of the segments which composed the larva’s body*. Of 
* Von Scheven in Naturf. stk. xx. 64. ¢. iif. 4. 
» Prate XVII, Fic. 2, Lesser L. ¢. ii. f. 26. 
° Prate XVII. Fic. 1. Lesser L, ¢. ii. f. 24, 25. 
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