STATES OF INSECTS. (Jmago.) 313-. 
The under-lip (/aécwm)—taken in a restricted sense for 
that central part from which emerge the labial palpi, and 
which is often considered as the mentum,—does not offer 
any striking variations in the sexes. One, however, is 
of importance, as it helps to prove which are the true 
female Lucanz. In the male the labium is emarginate, 
in the female it is intire. This may be seen both in 
LL. Cervus and femoratus, and probably in other species. 
The sculpture also is different, the lip being smooth in 
the former and covered with excavated puncta in the lat- 
ter. The tongue (lingua or ligula) of the sexes is usually 
the same; except in the hive-bee, in which that of the 
neuters is longer than that of the male and female. 
The upper-jaws (mandibule), however, often afford 
striking sexual characters. ‘The enormous protended 
ones of the common stag-beetle (Zucanus Cervus) attract 
the attention of the most incurious observer; and these 
are now generally allowed to be of this description. 
Geoffroy and Mr. Marsham, indeed, have asserted that 
they have taken z7 coitu those with long mandibles: but 
as these males are pugnacious, and attack each other with 
great fury, as Mr. Sheppard informs me, it is not impro- 
bable that these gentlemen may have mistaken a battle 
for an amour: since not only have those with long man- 
dibles been often taken united with those that have short 
ones *, but the same difference obtains in the sexes of 
other species. This is particularly observable in Zw- 
canus femoratus, of which I received from Brazil many 
specimens agreeing in every respect except in this, that 
one had short and the other very long mandibles. These 
* By Rosel, by a friend of De Geer’s, and by M. Marechal. De 
Geer iy. 331—. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xviii. 225. 
