EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 455 
These processes seem the antagonists of those mentioned 
above*, that emerge from the /abzwm. The posterior or 
inner piece has on each side a roundish. space, attached 
to the under surface of the two sides of the rhznarium, 
beset also with bristle-bearing tubercles. You will find 
something similar lining the labrum and nasus of some 
Coleoptera,—say Geotrupes, Necrophorus, and Dytiscus. 
The first piece I regard as the analogue of the palate, 
and the second as connected with the sense of smelling. 
In Necrophorus tke circular pieces are covered with a 
finely striated membrane, and in Dyéiscus each has a 
little nipple. 
8. Pharyne.—On the upper side of the tongue, usu- 
ally at its base or root, is the pharyna, or aperture by 
which the food passes from the mouth to the esophagus. 
This orifice, which is situated with respect to the tongue 
of the Orthoptera and Libellulina nearly as in those in- 
sects (at least as far as I have been able to examine them), 
whose tongue is called a ligula or labium,—of course ex- 
ists in all the mandibulate Orders whose mouth we are 
now considering. In the Hymenoptera it is covered by 
a valve, the Hpipharynx of Savigny; and it appeared to 
me to be so likewise in one of the ground beetles that I 
examined. The formation seems different in Geotrupes, 
as far as I can get an idea of it; but it is so difficult to 
examine the interior of the mouth without laceration of 
some of the parts, that I can only tell you what the ap- 
pearances were in one instance, upon removing the da- 
brum from the mandibles ; and in another, separating 
the whole apparatus of the Jabium, including the mazille, 
* See above, p. 424. bY PLATS Vila bic el4ere 
