EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 457 
is not fluid. In the Lzbellulina the pharynx seems 
closed by two valves meeting. This part in Hymeno- 
ptera, and probably in other Orders, has the aspect of 
being cartilaginous and fitted to sustain the action of the 
substances that have to pass through it?. 
The Epipharyne is a valve, called by M. Latreille 
sublabrum (sous labre”), attached by its base to the upper 
margin of the pharynx, or that next the labrum. In 
the bees it is said by Reaumur to be of a fleshy substance, 
and capable of changing its figure. He seems to think 
it the real tongue of the bee‘; but as it does not appear 
to have any of the uses of a tongue, and merely closes 
the orifice of the mouth, it surely does not merit that 
name. M. Savigny calls it a membranous appendage 
which exactly closes the pharynz*. De Geer has exa- 
mined the epipharynx of the wasp, which he describes 
as of a scaly substance, and regards merely as the cover 
of the part just named*. 
With regard to the Hypopharynaz, which Latreille con- 
siders as a support and appendage of the epzpharynz, I 
have little to add to the definition I have given of it 
above. In the Zzbellulina the base of the tongue ter- 
minates towards the pharynx in a fleshy cushion, armed 
at each angle next to that part with a short hard horn 
or tooth of a black colour. This cushion, I suppose, 
may be analogous to the hypopharyna of M. Savigny'. 
On the opposite side the pharynx is closed by another 
fleshy cushion (epipharynzx ?), which appears to line the 
* Reaum. v. 317. © Organisation exterieur des Ins. 184, 
* Ubi supra. 1 Anim. sans Vertebr. 1. 1. 12. 
© De Geer ii. 778—. ¢.xxvi. f. 11. m. Prare VII. Fie. 2. k’. 
{ Ubi supra. 
