502 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 
scapulars are long; and where they are long, as in the 
Petalocerous ones, the latter are short. The anterior 
part is that which forms the lateral limit of the periste- 
thium, upon which it often encroaches: this part, in con- 
junction with the dorsolum above, and the last-named part 
below, forms the kind of rofula that plays in the pos- 
terior acetabulum of the manitrunk, as the head does in 
the anterior one. In the flower-chafers (Cetoniada, &c.) 
the scapulars are very thick and elevated, and interpose 
between the posterior angles of the prothorax and the 
shoulders of the elytra, which is one of the distinguish- 
ing characters of that tribe: in this case the lower angle 
of the scapular connects with the cova of the mid-leg, 
and the upper angle with the axis of the elytra; and the 
most elevated and thickest part of the scapular is about 
midway between the two. This robust structure seems 
to indicate that the scapvdar has to counteract a power- 
ful action both of the leg and elytrum. In the Ortho- 
ptera the scapulars are usually divided into two parallel 
pieces, corresponding probably, though more distinct, 
with the two parts lately noticed of those of the Coleo- 
ptera: the upper side of the socket of the mid-leg is 
common to the base of both these pieces, but the articu- 
lation of the tegmen is chiefly with the anterior one. In 
the grasshoppers, locusts, &c. (Gryllus, L.) in which 
tribe this leg is nearly opposite to that part, the scapular 
inclines but little from a vertical position*; but in the 
praying-insects (Mantis), spectres (Phasma), and cock- 
roaches (Blatta), in which the insertion of the mid-legs 
is behind that of the ¢egmzna, it is nearly horizontal. In 
> * Prare VIII. Fic. 12, 13.%0'.%24 
