﻿ACADEMY 
  OF 
  SCIENCES. 
  389 
  

  

  oranda, 
  No. 
  18. 
  Commercial 
  Statistics 
  of 
  the 
  Republic 
  of 
  Chile. 
  

   Astronomical 
  Register, 
  September, 
  1874. 
  Journal 
  of 
  Botany, 
  

   September. 
  Engineering 
  and 
  Mining 
  Journal, 
  Sept. 
  5th, 
  12th, 
  

   and 
  19th. 
  California 
  Farmer. 
  Sept. 
  Proc. 
  Society 
  Entomology, 
  

   2d 
  series, 
  No. 
  2. 
  Magazine 
  Natural 
  History, 
  September. 
  French 
  

   Catalogue 
  of 
  Collections 
  of 
  Ornithology. 
  Catalogue 
  of 
  Rare 
  and 
  

   Curious 
  Books, 
  Vol. 
  XVIII, 
  No. 
  4. 
  Proceedings 
  Royal 
  Geo- 
  

   graphical 
  Society. 
  American 
  Naturalist, 
  September. 
  CaUfornia 
  

   Horticulturist, 
  September. 
  

  

  California 
  during 
  the 
  Pliocene 
  Epoch. 
  

  

  Dr. 
  J. 
  G. 
  Cooper 
  made 
  the 
  following 
  remarks 
  on 
  California 
  dur- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  pliocene 
  epoch 
  : 
  

  

  The 
  map 
  bere 
  exhibited 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  California 
  and 
  Nevada, 
  published 
  by 
  the 
  

   Geological 
  Survey,and 
  of 
  which 
  this 
  new 
  edition, 
  issued 
  by 
  authority 
  of 
  the 
  Uni- 
  

   versity 
  of 
  California, 
  is 
  presented 
  to 
  the 
  Academy 
  by 
  the 
  chief 
  topographer 
  , 
  

   Mr. 
  C. 
  F. 
  Hoffmann. 
  On 
  this 
  there 
  are 
  pinned 
  pieces 
  of 
  orange-colored 
  paper, 
  

   (chosen 
  from 
  its 
  contrast 
  with 
  the 
  blue 
  and 
  brown 
  tints 
  of 
  the 
  map) 
  to 
  repre- 
  

   sent 
  the 
  portions 
  now 
  land, 
  but 
  covered 
  by 
  salt 
  or 
  brackish 
  water 
  during 
  the 
  

   epoch 
  just 
  preceding 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  man. 
  A 
  considerable 
  part 
  of 
  those 
  along 
  the 
  

   edge 
  of 
  the 
  coast 
  is, 
  however, 
  omitted, 
  being 
  too 
  narrow 
  to 
  show 
  on 
  this 
  small 
  

   scale 
  at 
  a 
  distance. 
  Probably 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  Coast 
  Range 
  was 
  also 
  under 
  water* 
  

   of 
  which 
  no 
  evidence 
  from 
  fossil 
  remains 
  is 
  now 
  left, 
  the 
  strata, 
  if 
  any 
  were 
  de- 
  

   posited, 
  having 
  been 
  washed 
  away. 
  

  

  Numerous 
  small 
  fresh-water 
  lakes 
  also 
  existed, 
  which 
  have 
  left 
  deposits, 
  es- 
  

   pecially 
  on 
  the 
  slope 
  of 
  the 
  Sierra 
  Nevada, 
  but 
  are 
  not 
  yet 
  surveyed 
  enough 
  to 
  

   define 
  their 
  limits. 
  The 
  Sierra 
  must 
  then 
  have 
  been 
  much 
  lower 
  to 
  allow 
  these 
  

   lakes 
  to 
  stand 
  where 
  they 
  would 
  now 
  drain 
  out 
  completely. 
  Most 
  of 
  the 
  States 
  of 
  

   Nevada 
  and 
  Utah 
  were 
  also 
  covered 
  by 
  large-fresh 
  water 
  lakes, 
  filling 
  what 
  is 
  

   now 
  called 
  the 
  " 
  Great 
  Basin," 
  and 
  which 
  have 
  since 
  evaporated 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  form 
  

   the 
  salt 
  lakes 
  now 
  existing 
  by 
  condensation 
  of 
  the 
  salts 
  always 
  contained 
  in 
  

   lakes 
  and 
  rivers. 
  This 
  is 
  shown 
  by 
  the 
  deposits 
  of 
  fresh-water 
  shells 
  at 
  high 
  

   levels 
  above 
  the 
  present 
  salt 
  lakes, 
  and 
  the 
  absence 
  of 
  salt-water 
  fossils 
  later 
  

   than 
  the 
  cretaceous 
  in 
  the 
  Great 
  Basin. 
  

  

  In 
  California, 
  the 
  whole 
  great 
  interior 
  basin 
  of 
  the 
  Sacramento 
  and 
  San 
  

   Joaquin 
  Valleys 
  was 
  occupied 
  by 
  brackish 
  water, 
  as 
  proved 
  by 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  

   sharks 
  and 
  porpoises 
  found 
  by 
  Professor 
  Blake 
  and 
  others 
  near 
  Kern 
  River. 
  

   All 
  the 
  principal 
  level 
  valleys, 
  now 
  forming 
  our 
  best 
  agricultural 
  lands, 
  were 
  also 
  

   occupied 
  by 
  arms 
  of 
  this 
  island 
  sea 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  ocean. 
  The 
  Gulf 
  of 
  California 
  

   extended 
  over 
  the 
  desert 
  a 
  hundred 
  miles 
  or 
  more 
  north 
  of 
  its 
  present 
  limits. 
  

  

  The 
  Sacramento 
  basin 
  had 
  other 
  outlets 
  besides 
  the 
  Golden 
  Gate, 
  (if 
  that 
  ex- 
  

   isted 
  at 
  all) 
  through 
  an 
  inlet 
  opening 
  at 
  Russian 
  River, 
  and 
  another 
  through 
  

  

  