PLIOCENE FRESH WATER FOSSILS. 167 



Still water; the Margaritanas only rivers, though some 

 may wash down into lakes. 



Found by Mr. W. L. Watts, in a fresh water deposit 

 on the west border of the Kettleman Plains, a rolling up- 

 land full of middle and late tertiary marine fossils. (See 

 his report to the Mining Bureau on oil and gas.) 



The Kettleman Lake Bed. 



This fresh water deposit is about ten miles west of Tu- 

 lare Lake, on the edge of what was probably a phocene 

 lake, about twenty miles long and five wide, or half as 

 large as Tulare Lake is now, and south of west from it, 

 in the western corner of Tulare County. It is now 400 

 feet above Tulare Lake, which is itself 200 feet above 

 sea-level. Unless the region has been much uplifted 

 since the former lake existed, the two could not have 

 been connected as one, but some proof of a great uplift 

 is shown in the dip of the fresh water bed, which is 35° 

 to the southwest. A far larger lake than Tulare no doubt 

 existed in the pliocene epoch, if not later, but it could 

 scarcely have been 600 feet deep, even before it broke 

 through the Golden Gate. 



The following recent species were found in the same 

 fresh water bed : 



1. Amnkola tiirh'miformisTxyon. 4. Phijsa costata 'Sew comh. 



2. Carinifex newberrT/iliea. 5. Sphcerium deiitaiimi? Haldemau 



3. Goniobasis occata Hinds. 6. Valvata virens Tryou. 



Of these Nos. 2, 4, 5 and 6 still inhabit Clear Lake, 

 Lake County; Nos. i, 3 and 6 live southward to Ala- 

 meda County, but none are now known to inhabit any of 

 the lakes or streams farther south. 



One other extinct species was also found which I have 

 considered identical with one from Colorado(?) , described 

 by Conrad, as follows: 



