Game Animals of India, etc. 



extremity. In the Deer of All Lands it is stated that 

 they are unknown on the Pir Panjal range, forming 

 (with the Kaj-nag to the west of the Jhelam) the south- 

 western barrier of the valley ; and a practically similar 

 statement is made by Mr. Dauvergne in a paper on 

 the big game of Asia published in the Bulletin of the 

 Paris Museum of Natural History for 1898. His 

 words (p. 200) are that the distribution of these deer 

 is limited to toutes les montagnes autour de la vallee au 

 nord^ together with Kishtwar and some adjacent 

 districts. Consequently the Pir Panjal and Kaj-nag 

 ranges are excluded from the habitat. The present 

 writer has seen hangul on the Marbal Pass, situated on 

 a northern spur of the eastern extremity of the Pir 

 Panjal ; and as this is the route to Kishtwar it comes 

 within their ordinary range, and in no wise invalidates 

 the above statements. He has, however, been shown 

 a note by an English sportsman, in which it is stated 

 that about forty years ago (at which time Mr. 

 Dauvergne was resident in Kashmir) hangul were 

 seen near the Pir Panjal Pass, which is almost in the 

 centre of the range. Possibly these were only 

 stragglers, but in any case this point would appear 

 to be their extreme western limit on this side of the 

 valley, as the writer has never heard of their occurrence 

 west of the pass last-named or in the Kaj-nag. 



In summer hangul may be met with as high as 

 from 9000 to 12,000 feet above sea-level, but in winter 

 they descend to the valley of Kashmir, which is in 

 some places not more than 5000 feet above the sea. 

 The herds resorting to the western end of the vale 

 of Kashmir pass northwards in summer into the 

 adjacent Tilel Valley, through which runs the Kishan- 

 p^anga, some of them crossings that river to wander 

 into the mountains of southern Astor. On the other 

 hand, those from the northern and eastern flanks of 

 the Kashmir Valley retire to the slopes of Haramuk, 

 the great peak in the northern mountain-barrier. At 



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