180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA 
Francicso. One specimen Jontinalis antipyritica, from R. K. 
Nuttall. Crustacean, from Dr. W. H. Jones, U.S.S. Porlsmouth. 
Specimen of Manna found on Eucalyptus on State University 
grounds. Mr. Stearns said this was the first discovery of the 
kind on any Eucalyptus in California. 
Dr. Blake read the following paper: 
On Phylloxera. 
BY JAMES BLAKE, M. D. 
During the last week, I visited one of our extensive vineyards in Sonoma 
county, for the purpose of investigating, as far as a few hours would permit, 
the Phyloxera question, and as what I observed may be interesting to some, 
I will briefly state the results of my observations. 
The proprietor of the vineyard was not certain, before I commenced my 
investigations, if any of his vines were affected. All he had observed was, 
that in separate patches about the vineyard the vines looked sickly. Some of 
them had died, and others were evidently dying; but, he stated, as he had 
noticed the same sort of thing for years, he did not attribute this to the new 
pest, although disease amongst the vines had never shown itself to the same 
amount asat present. In exposing the roots of one of the badly diseased 
vines, it was found to be covered by the insect. From two or three inches 
below the surface to as far down as the roots were traced (four feet), every 
crack and crevice in the outside bark of the root, was literally lined by Phyl- 
loxera. The vines in which this occurred were evidently in a dying condi- 
tion. They had pushed out a few weakly shoots in the spring, which had 
not grown more than afew inches, and they had a few aborted bunches of 
grapes. They certainly would be dead next year. I noticed, in exposing the 
roots of the vine, that there were no superficial roots, at least, living. Some 
remains of dead roots were found on digging down, but nothing alive except 
the main roots. The lowest roots were not exposed, but from the escape of 
sap from the cut surfaces of the roots, it was evident that a certain amount 
of absorption was going on, and therefore that a large portion of the smaller 
rootlets must be uninjured. The roots of apparently a perfectly healthy vine 
were then examined. The plant had made quite a luxurious growth, some of 
the shoots being from six to eight feet long, and it had on it about fourteen 
pounds of grapes, which appeared to be ripening perfectly. The Phylloxcra 
was found on the roots, but in much smaller numbers than in the other vine. 
Here they were confined to one or two cracks in the bark, and although pretty 
thick in these cracks near the surface, they were only met with in small 
patches at a foot under ground. These roots were followed down to a depth 
of more than four feet, at which depth a patch of Phylloxera was found, 
which consisted of not more than a dozen insects. About six inches above 
this was another patch, containing a larger number of individuals, and 
about every six or eight inches up the surface patches of the insect were 
