164 UNGULATES. 



hundred years ago. The Chillingham cattle are small, with moderately rough and 

 curly hair, and short upwardly-directed horns. At the present day the insides of 

 the ears and the muzzles are red; but it appears that in 1692 black ears were 

 more numerous than red, and that the present coloration has been produced by 

 selection. Mr. J. Hindmarsh, writing in the year 1838, states that the Chillingham 

 cattle " have pre-eminently all the characteristics of wild animals, with some 

 peculiarities which are very curious and amusing. They hide their young, feed in 

 the night, basking or sleeping during the day ; they are fierce when pressed, but 

 generally speaking very timorous, moving off on the appearance of anyone, even 

 at a great distance." The following statement of the numbers of the Chillingham 

 herd at different periods is compiled by Mr. Harting from numerous accounts which 

 have from time to time appeared. " In 1869, according to the steward's account, 

 the herd consisted of only 14 breeding animals, bulls, and cows, and calves of both 

 sexes, and 12 steers ; in all 28. In 1838, according to Mr. Hindmarsh, there were 

 about 80, comprising 25 bulls, 40 cows, and 15 steers of various ages. In May 

 1861, Mr. Darwin was informed by the agent that they numbered about 50. This 

 was about the number we saw when visiting the park in May 1863. In August 

 1873 the herd consisted of 64 head, 17 bulls of all ages from calves upwards, 19 

 steers, and 28 cows, heifers, and female calves. In October 1874, according to Lord 

 Tankerville (the owner), the herd numbered 71. In March 1875 the number had 

 again decreased, amounting to 62 only, viz., 14 bulls and bull calves, 31 cows, and 

 cow-calves, and 17 steers. In July 1877 there were still fewer — 51 only — consist- 

 ing of 8 bulls, 27 cows and heifers, and 16 steers. Lord Tankerville says they 

 increase slowly, several dying each year by accidents or by overrunning their 

 calves when disturbed ; and the cows breed slowly, owing to having frequently the 

 calves still sucking in the second year." 



The Cadzow cattle, belonging to the Duke of Hamilton, of which 

 a group is represented in our illustration, differ from the Chillingham 

 breed in having the ears and muzzles black, while there is also a greater or smaller 

 amount of black on the front of the fore-legs. Their heads are also more rounded, 

 and their limbs stouter ; and very generally the cows are devoid of horns. This 

 herd is a very ancient one, and in 1874 numbered forty-five head, which in 1877 

 had increased to fifty-six. 



Very different in appearance to either of the above are the 

 ' Chartley cattle, the property of Earl Ferrers. It is known that these 

 cattle are the direct descendants of the wild cattle which roamed at large in the 

 forest of Needwood at the date of the enclosure of Chartley Park in 1248. In this 

 breed the ears are black, and the horns are longer and directed much more out- 

 wardly than in the Chillingham breed, resembling in these respects much more 

 closely those of our domestic "long horns." In 1877 this herd comprised only 

 twenty individuals. 



The Kilmory breed is derived from the one which formerly existed 

 Other Herds 



at Blair Athol. The Lyme Park breed is interesting as being of 



larger size than any of the others. The hair is remarkable for its length and 



curliness, more especially on the shoulders ; the ears are generally reel, although 



occasionally black or bluish black ; and Mr. Harting describes the horns as inter- 



