542 california academy of sciences. 



Distribution. 



Concerning the distribution of the Mallophaga, I have 

 little to add to the remarks made in my previous paper. 

 Among the land birds of America there are very few 

 which are identical with the Old World species. On 

 those are found parasites identical, or nearly so, with the 

 Old World Mallophaga of the same hosts. On the do- 

 mestic pigeon, Columba livia, I find Lipeurus baculus and 

 Goniocotes compar, both common on the European indi- 

 viduals of the same host species. In addition, I find a 

 Menopon on the pigeon not met with by the European 

 authors. On the Snow Owl, Nyctea nyctea, I find Doco- 

 phoros ceblcbrachys, described by Nitzsch from the same 

 host. And there are a few other similar examples. 



As among the water birds, where I have found pre- 

 viously described Mallophaga on American birds not 

 identical with Old World species, these parasites have 

 been found, almost always, on American birds very closely 

 related to the European hosts. For example, the char- 

 acteristic Docophorus rostratus Nitzsch, of the European 

 Barn Owl, Strix flammed, I have found on the American 

 Barn Owl, Strix pratincola. It is of interest to note that 

 the American owl has been until recently ranked as a 

 variety simply of the European species. The striking 

 Menopon mcsolciicion of the various Old World crows 

 (Corvus corone, frugilegus, ct a/. J, is found on the Amer- 

 ican Crow, Corvus americanus, though showing such con- 

 stant differences as to compel me to give it a varietal 

 name. There are several other examples of this condi- 

 tion presented in this paper. 



Apparent exceptions to the general statement that Amer- 

 ican Mallophaga identical with Old World species are 

 found on American hosts identical with or very nearly 



