and their Classification. 279 



Per se, all the subdivisions, or "the Sciences" are coordinate, 

 not subordinate. As Heebeet SrENCER, in another pUxce 

 truly says : — "No succession in which the Sciences can be 

 placed represents either their logical dependence or their 

 historical dependence." (The Classification of the Sci- 

 ences: N. Y., Appleton & Co., 1864.) And there can 

 be no "hierarchy of the sciences," as Auguste Comte 

 calls the order in which he classifies them ; although we 

 are apt to attach greater or less importance to any par- 

 ticular science, in accordance with its relation and benefit 

 to us and human afiairs, and are perfectly justified in 

 doing so. 



The classification I present to you (see table, at the end of 

 this article), I intend not as an ideal, but as a practical one. 

 It is by no means perfect; but, I think, the most conform- 

 able to the present state of knowledge. I claim no credit 

 for devising it. My task has rather been the arduous one of 

 revising; of collating, judging, rejecting and compiling. 

 Some of the names are new ; and some are used in a wider 

 sense than that in which they are ordinarily employed, and 

 therefore need explanation. 



As already stated, Science and Art have been gradually 

 evolved from man's ability to know and to do ; and science 

 and art together are included under the term Mathesis, 

 meaning everything that can be learned. 



Throusfhout the whole extent of the classification there 

 are connecting links and transitions precluding sharp limita- 

 tions ; thus there are connections not only between the 

 sciences themselves, but also between science and art ; 

 indeed every science includes something to be practised, and 

 every art something to be known aside from what is to be 

 performed. The epithets pure and mixed on the one hand, 

 and pure and applied on the other, to denote these associa- 

 tions and interrelations, have frequently been used rather 

 loosely. I propose to have the term "mixed" confined to 

 associations between the sciences, and the term "applied," to 



