280 On the Subdivisions of Science 



those between sciences and arts ; thus I would speak of 

 mixed mathematics to designate the mathematics of pho- 

 nology, of thermology, or of morphology ; and of applied 

 mathematics to designate that of surveying or of naviga- 

 tion. As many branches or collective systems are each 

 both a. science and an art, as, for instance, music, astronomy, 

 etc., both mixed and applied mathematics may appertain to 

 these. Mixed sciences may receive names compounded of 

 the names of their components. 



The term science includes all knowledo^e. It is what has 

 been called by some Pantology ; by H^ckel, Kosmology, 

 equivalent to Theology in its all-inclusive sense ; by Ste- 

 phen Pearl Andrews, Universology. If we limit the ter- 

 mination "ology" to concrete science, these terras become 

 inadequate for us, whilst the word science answers all 

 purposes. 



A few words on the subject of hybridity, in combining 

 words or roots derived from different languages, may not be 

 out of place here. I think when exercised with judgment, 

 such compounding frequently enriches and improves rather 

 than debases language. Having adopted the suffix "ology" 

 for the branches of concrete science, I regard it as perfectly 

 proper to add this affix to words even if they are not derived 

 from the Greek. 



In tabulating the subdivisions of science, I have made use 

 of horizontal and vertical brackets. I may say that by the 

 former I propose to indicate divisions which result from 

 different points of view which may be taken, and by the 

 latter divisions referring more obviously to separate depart- 

 ments of being. These two kinds of subdivision, which I 

 call, respectively, aspectual and departmental, are on dif- 

 ferent planes, as it were, and intersect each other. Each 

 aspectual subdivision of a science is applicable to all de- 

 partmental subdivisions of the same, and vice versa; for 

 instance, zoology, which is a departmental subdivision of 

 ph3^sology, is divisible into zoogeny and zoography ; and 



