8 Mr. H.J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. 



the three holes above, and the white tufts projecting from 

 them as before described (a and bb): this, of course, was the 

 female. 



The other form of incrustation (fig. 13) was narrower and 

 elliptical, like that of the young insect at evolution, but without 

 serrated base, holes, or white hair-like appendages. Finally, it 

 was observed that the latter were frequently empty, and open at 

 their unfixed and elevated end {b), while from others the tail of 

 the male insect itself was projecting. 



Thus the origin of the male and the process of impregnation 

 as to time and act were easily determined; while it was also 

 observed that in some parts there were almost, if not quite, as 

 many male as female incrustations present, in others not so 

 many. 



On the evolution of the young, therefore, all at first would 

 appear to attach themselves to the bark, and pierce it for nutri- 

 ment — at least, all that live — preparatory to undergoing further 

 general and generative development (for all are alike, apparently, 

 when first hatched), and that then they respectively become 

 changed for the fulfilment of their ultimate functions, — the 

 males for impregnating the females, and the females for secreting 

 the lac and developing the new brood ; but the latter, as before 

 shown, does not appear until the month of July of the following 

 year. Thus we see that the young Coccus, as we have termed 

 it, merits rather the term of " larva " (from the metamorphosis 

 which it subsequently undergoes to pass into the matured 

 forms of male and female respectively) than that of "young 

 insect." 



Again, all begin to secrete from their bodies the resinous 

 substance even before they have fixed themselves to the bark ; 

 for those had it which were hatched from the lac on the branch 

 that was first presented to me, after the latter was dry and dead; 

 so that no doubt can exist of the lac being produced by the in- 

 sect itself, and that it is not a mere exudation from the tree, 

 which follows the insertion of its proboscis into the bark, as has 

 been stated. 



But while those which are to become males are entirely, 

 though but temporarily, shut in by the lac which they subse- 

 quently elaborate from the juices of the tree on which they may 

 be located, those which are to become females preserve through- 

 out the three apertures before mentioned, from which project the 

 white tufts of tracheae. 



These tufts, which previous to impregnation (fig. 14 a, b b) 

 consisted of but a few filaments from each aperture, and thus in 

 no way impeded the functions of the male, had so increased 

 immediately after impregnation (that is, by the 20th of Septem- 



