I poo.] Osborn, Phylogeny of the Rhinoceroses of Europe. 263 



Duvernoy actually attributed R. pachygnathus to the Pleistocene 

 species R. a?iiiquitatis, from resemblances in the limb bones, and 

 Gaudry remarks ('62, p. 177) that this was very natural because 

 the bones are extremely similar. Again, as originally remarked 

 by Gaudry, R. pachygnathus resembles R. bicornis (the smaller 

 brachyodont shrub-eating species of Africa), and ('62, p. 178) 

 closely also R. simus (Burchell's Rhinoceros, the larger hypso- 

 dont, grass-eating species of Africa) ; I have verified these 

 remarks by very careful studies of specimens in Paris and Lon- 

 don. R. simus has a square upper lip, with broadly truncate 

 upper nasals, the horn rugosities being carried to the very ex- 

 tremity, and its cranial resemblance to R. pachygnathus is 

 remarkable. R. bicornis has, on the contrary, a pointed prehen- 

 sile upper lip, and its somewhat more pointed nasals may be 

 correlated with this narrower snout, but the horns are carried to 

 the very extremity (at which there is sometimes a slight cleft, 

 British Museum specimen). 



Atelodus neumayri, sp. nov.' 



Type, a large male skull, Vienna Museum, from Pikermi or Maragha (Persia), 

 (erroneously catalogued as R. schleicrmacheri). This skull resembles R. 

 pachygnathus as follows : large frontal and nasal horn cores ; auditory meatus 

 closed ; zygomatic arch slender (correlated with reduction 

 of angle and masseteric muscles) ; lower border of jaw 

 convex ; dentition : ~~^~,~. It differs from R. pachy- 

 gnathus as follows : molars elongate, tending to hypso- 

 dontism ; cement covering sides of molar crowns ; the 

 pattern of the premolar and molar teeth unique and with- 

 out precedent ; there is no true antecrochet on the pro- 

 toloph, but a fold, which might be considered as an aberrant 

 crista, projects into the median valley from its outer portion, 

 that is, exte?-nal to the crochet (whereas the antecrochet 

 always appears internal to the crochet) ; the prominent 



crochet is placed internally to this ; strong hypostyle fold neumayri. ' Type" 

 and postfossette on pMo m ^ . ^""v.eZ"!" '"°" 



An apparently similar fold is observed in R. antiquitatis, and 

 connects the protoloph diagonally with the metaloph ; A. 

 neumayri therefore resembles R. antiquitatis more closely than R. 

 pachygnathus, both in the presence of this fold and in the greater 

 hypsodontism of its molar teeth. 



Fig. 16. Atelodus 



' Dedicated to the late distinguished Austrian geologist, Melchior Neumayr. 



