52 



STUDIES, SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL 



not on pipes, some rude (Fig. 23, b), others more delicate, 

 have been found in New York and other States. In Iowa 

 two pipes, with rude carvings of an elephant or mastodon 

 but with neither tusks nor tail, have been found by two 

 separate individuals; but suspicion has been throv/n on 

 their genuineness because they both passed through the 

 hands of the same person, and because they resemble in 

 general form the well-known elephant mound of Wisconsin. 

 It is, however, absolutely demonstrated, by bones pierced 

 with stone arrows and others burnt with fire, that the 

 mastodon was coeval with man in America, and there is 

 therefore no antecedent improbability in its being repre- 

 sented both in mounds and carvings. 



Fig. 24. 



Very strange are the stone collars, or " sacrificial yokes," 

 found in great abundance in the island of Porto Rico, and 

 more rarely in Mexico. These are in shape and size like 

 small horse-collars, but carved out of single blocks of hard 

 volcanic rock. They all have a curious ornamental pro- 

 jection on one side, as if to represent the junction of the 

 material out of which the type collar was formed. Some 

 are slender and comparatively light, while others are so 

 massive that they would be a heavy load for a man. They 

 are said to be found in surface deposits, and along with 

 them are many finely worked and polished celts and axes 

 (Fig. 24, a, b, yokes ; c, celt). 



The long-continued use of stone in America for the 



Zealand. These specimens, as well as the carved llama, may therefore 

 be considered to prove the widespread intercommunication between 

 distant peoples at a very remote epoch. 



